Intwasahlobo ende emanzi nebandayo, isomiso sasehlobo eside kanye nekwindla enemvula ngokungajwayelekile - yile ndlela esingabonisa ngayo kafushane izimo lapho kwadingeka sikhule futhi sivune amazambane ngo-2022.
Izici zesimo sezulu zenze indawo enethezekile yokusabalala kwezifo ezithile nezinambuzane zezitshalo, ezithinte umthamo wesivuno.
Izifo zamazambane
Ngokusho kokuphawulwa kukaNikolai Parashchenko, Ikhandidethi Yezesayensi Yezolimo, umphathi wokuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yommbila nezilimo ezikhethekile e-BASF, ngesizini edlule, amazambane emkhakheni wezimboni ahlushwa kakhulu yi-rhizoctonia, blight blight, alternaria kanye ama-bacteriosis. U-Valeria Ananyeva, umphathi womkhiqizo e-Chance Group of Companies, wengeze i-fusarium kulolu hlu.
Ochwepheshe baqaphele ukuthi ukubonakaliswa kokuqala kwe-rhizoctoniosis kwakungenxa yentwasahlobo enzima: ngoMeyi ezindaweni eziningi "zamazambane" zezwe zazibonakala ngomswakama ophezulu kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi (uma kuqhathaniswa nezimo zezulu), ukutshala amazambane kwabambezeleka ngesilinganiso amasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu. Isimo sezulu esishisayo kanye nokuntuleka komswakama engxenyeni yesibili yehlobo kwabangela ukwanda kwe-Alternaria blight. Futhi inani elirekhodiwe lemvula elawa ekwindla laholela “ekuchumeni” kwesifo esilimazayo sekwephuzile ne-fusarium. “Ukuthuthukiswa kwalezi zifo kwakuthandwa umswakama ophezulu ensimini (90-100%) emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-+10° C amasonto amabili kuya kwayisithupha kusukela ekuncipheni kuya ekuvuneni,” kusho u-Valeria Ananyeva.
Ngaphezu kwezici zesimo sezulu, ukusabalala okukhulu kwezifo emapulazini aseRussia kwagqugquzelwa ukusetshenziswa kwembewu engcolile, ukungahambisani nokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo, ukukhetha okungafundile kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo (kanye nokungalandeli isheduli yokwelashwa noma isitshalo. ukunciphisa inani labo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlu lunganwetshwa uma sicabangela ukuthi izitshalo ezibuthakathaka ngokuyinhloko zingenwa izifo. Njengoba u-Nikolai Parashchenko egcizelele, ukwehla kokuzivikela kwezitshalo kungabangelwa izizathu eziningi, isibonelo, ukweqa izindinganiso zokusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kwe-herbicide noma ukudla okunomsoco okungenakulinganisela.
Izinambuzane ezinhlanu eziphezulu zesizini
Lapho kuhlanganiswa isilinganiso somsebenzi wezinambuzane zamazambane sango-2022, ochwepheshe baphawule ukuthi sikhuluma ngenketho emaphakathi efanele izwe lonke.
Ngokombono ka-Nikolai Parashchenko, inkathi eqediwe idale izimo ezinhle kakhulu zokusabalala kwama-wireworms, amabhungane amazambane aseColorado, ama-cutworms kanye ne-stem (tuber) nematodes. Ezitshalweni zembewu, ama-aphid adala izinkinga.
Ephawula ngesimo nge-nematode, umphathi wezobuchwepheshe we-BASF waphawula ukuthi imithombo eyinhloko yokusabalala kwezinambuzane yizimbewu ezingcolile kanye nomhlabathi owela kusuka ensimini kuya kwenye ezingxenyeni zokusebenza zemishini yezolimo. Futhi izizathu eziyinhloko zokusabalala okukhulu ukungahambisani nokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo kanye nohlu oluncane kakhulu lwe-nematicides emakethe yaseRussia.
U-Valeria Ananyeva unikeze indawo yokuqala esilinganisweni sezinambuzane ku-stem nematode (lat. Ditylenchus destructor). Uchwepheshe wachaza isinqumo sakhe ngokuthi ukwanda komswakama wenhlabathi ngesikhathi sokuwa kube nomthelela ekwenyukeni okuqinile kokutheleleka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa (kuyaziwa ukuthi ngomswakama ongu-40% kuphela i-10% yezilimo eziyizigaxa ezithintekayo, kodwa kakade nge-60% umthamo womswakama - 62,8% wezilimo eziyizigaxa, futhi kumaphesenti angama-80 - kufika ku-90%).
Indawo yesibili esilinganisweni sikaValeria Ananyeva yanikezwa ama-cicadas. Ake sikukhumbuze ukuthi lezi zinambuzane ziyingozi ngokuyinhloko ngoba zingabathwali begciwane le-columnar wilt, i-spindle tuber viroid, kanye negciwane le-L. Njengoba uchwepheshe aphawula, engxenyeni yesibili yehlobo, ama-leafhopper afuduka futhi andisa inani labantu, ngenxa ye isimo sezulu esishisayo nesomile esibavumelayo.
I-cutworm isendaweni yesithathu: entwasahlobo, ngenxa yokutshala sekwephuzile kanye nesikhathi eside sokuhluma, izibungu ze-cutworm zonakalisa ingxenye enkulu yeziqu zamazambane ezindaweni ezimaphakathi neziseningizimu yezwe.
Isikhundla esilandelayo mayelana nobukhulu bokulimaza sithathwe yi-Colorado potato beetle. Ukushisa kwehlobo lalo nyaka kube nomthelela ekusakazekeni kwayo okuphezulu. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, emasimini amapulazi anciphisa inani lemithi yokwelapha izinambuzane, izindawo zokuzalela zalesi zinambuzane zabhalwa.
I-aphid ye-peach ivala izinga: ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphezulu ehlobo, ezindaweni eziningi zezwe amagagasi amabili okukhiqiza isinambuzane esiyingozi abonwa - ekupheleni kukaJuni nasekuqaleni kuka-Agasti.
Ukulungiselela ukufika
Sifingqa imiphumela yesizini ka-2022, siphinde sicabange ngokuthi yiziphi izinkinga ezilindele abalimi bamazambane kwelandelayo. Ezinye izinkinga zinemvelaphi yazo onyakeni odlule, futhi lokhu kubalulekile ukucatshangelwa. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kukaValeria Ananyeva, umphathi womkhiqizo we-Chance Group of Companies, ngemva kwezimo ezinzima zasekwindla, ingxenye ebalulekile yamapulazi aseRussia izobhekana nezinga eliphezulu lokusabalala kwazo zonke izifo zefungal kanye nokhula oluningi.
Ngokuvamile, ochwepheshe batusa, njengenjwayelo, indlela enomthwalo wemfanelo yokuthuthukisa isu lokuvikela ukutshala ezifweni nezinambuzane futhi kuqale ngokucubungula okunekhono kwembewu.
"Uma sibala ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho kwesigaba ngasinye sobuchwepheshe bokukhulisa amazambane, khona-ke ukucutshungulwa kwembewu kuzofika kuqala lapho kubalwa izimali ezitshaliwe ngeyunithi ngayinye yenzuzo," u-Nikolai Parashchenko, umphathi wezokuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yommbila kanye. izitshalo ezikhethekile at BASF, uyaqiniseka. – Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma ungakuthatheli phezulu ukwelashwa kwembewu, khona-ke ukulahlekelwa kwesivuno kanye nekhwalithi ngeke kunxeshezelwe kwezinye izigaba zenkathi yokukhula. Ikakhulukazi uma sikhuluma ngeziza zembewu.”
Lo chwepheshe unxuse abakhiqizi bezolimo ukuthi bangakugqizi qakala ukwelashwa kwembewu, bakhethe izivikeli zesikhunta ezisebenza ngempumelelo ngokumelene ne-rhizoctonia, zibe nomthelela ohlala isikhathi eside futhi ezingenawo umphumela ocindezelayo (ongabunaki) esilimoni.
Ephawula ngesigaba sokutshala amazambane, lo chwepheshe uphinde wakhumbula isidingo sokusebenzisa isibulala-zinambuzane ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvikelwa okuthembekile kwesitshalo enkingeni yezinambuzane zomhlabathi, futhi weluleka ukuthi ungakhohlwa ukulima umhlabathi osezingeni eliphezulu, izinsuku zokuhlwanyela nokubaluleka kokwengeza. imithamo egcwele yokondleka kwamaminerali ngokwesilinganiso N:P:K - 1 :1-1,2:1,6-2. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Nikolai Parashchenko uphakamise ukunaka okuqukethwe kwe-Ca, Mg no-B enhlabathini, kanye nokuqapha ngokweqile lapho usebenzisa ama-herbicides (ungadluli izindinganiso ezimisiwe nezikhathi zokufaka isicelo).
Eqhubeka nengxoxo mayelana nezingozi zenkathi entsha, uchwepheshe unikeze izincomo kubalimi bamazambane ukuthi bangalindeli ukubonakaliswa kwe-blight sekwephuzile, kodwa basebenze ngokuvimbela nge-fungicides; futhi ngokushesha wenze ukwelashwa kwezinambuzane ngokumelene ne-Colorado potato beetle, uguqule izithako ezisebenzayo ohlelweni.
Uchwepheshe wabonisa ukuthi phakathi nenkathi kuzohlala usongo lokuthuthuka okukhulu kwe-Alternaria (lapho kuvela izimpawu zokuqala, kuzodingeka ukuthi uqale ukusebenza ngama-fungicides), ama-bacteriose ahlukahlukene, i-pythium ne-anthracnose. Lapho wenza isu lokuzivikela kulezi zifo, ngaphezu kwezindlela zamakhemikhali zokuzivikela, kufanelekile ukuqinisekisa inani elanele le-calcium emhlabathini. Amazambane, ahlinzekwa kahle nge-calcium, alimale kancane futhi kamuva awathinteki kakhulu yi-bacteriosis.