Izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu njengamagagasi okushisa, imvula enamandla, izikhukhula, namazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu njengalokhu
kulo nyaka endaweni yaseYurophu yaseRussia, izophindwa kaningi, futhi ukushisa kuzoba namandla kakhulu.
Olga Zolina,
umcwaningi omkhulu e-Institute of Oceanology oqanjwe ngaye P.P. Shirshov RAS, omunye wababhali bombiko wokuhlola wesithupha we-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Uhlu lwezinkinga ezinkulu ezithinta imboni kule sizini luzoqala ngegama elithi isomiso. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, sonke siyazi ukuthi le nkinga inesixazululo, ukusebenza kwayo okuye kwavivinywa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ingabe lo nyaka uzonikeza umfutho wokusheshisa ukuqaliswa kobuchwepheshe bokunisela eRussia? Futhi kungani zibaluleke kangaka ekuthuthukisweni kwebhizinisi lamazambane? Sixoxa ngalezi zinkinga noTimur Sultanov, uMqondisi Jikelele we-AquaTerra LLC (inkampani igxile ekuhlinzekweni kwamaphampu neziteshi zokumpompa amaphrojekthi okunisela).
- I-Timur, izimo zezulu zasehlobo lika-2021 kanye namanani aphezulu amazambane yizici ezimbili, ngokombono wethu, ezingeke zithinte ukuthengiswa kwemishini yokunisela ezweni. Ingabe ubhekene nesidingo esikhulayo semakethe kulo nyaka?
- Yiqiniso, ukushisa okunjalo kuvuselela kakhulu imakethe, futhi ukutholakala kwezimali zamahhala zabakhiqizi bezolimo kusheshisa inqubo yokuthatha izinqumo kanye nokuqaliswa kwamaphrojekthi.
Ngo-2006, lapho ngisaqala ukusebenza kuleli bhizinisi, ama-90% abakhiqizi bezolimo abavela eCentral Russia nasesifundeni saseVolga bamukela isicelo sokubeka imishini yokunisela emasimini abo ngokumangala: akekho owaphuzisa amazambane kulezi zifunda. Kwabe sekufika u-2010 futhi wafakazela ukuthi ukutshala amazambane ngaphandle kokunisela kuyibhizinisi eliyingozi kakhulu.
Kule sizini, siyawathola ama-oda engeziwe, kodwa ukuthuthukiswa kokunisela eRussia kuphazanyiswa kakhulu yi-coronavirus. Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi amafekthri aseYurophu manje asebenza kancane kakhulu. Le nkinga ayikhathaleli kuphela imishini yokuchelela, abakhiqizi bakagandaganda abakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, sebevele bezamukela izicelo zika-2023 okwamanje.
Ngeziteshi zokupompa, yonke into ayidabuki kangako, kodwa nokho: okwamanje sithatha ama-oda ezinjini zikaJohn Deer ngoMeyi, i-Iveco - ngo-Ephreli.
- Ososayensi babikezela ukuthi ngokoqobo emashumini eminyaka ezayo, isimo sezulu saseRussia sizoshintsha kakhulu kangangokuthi ukulima okuyinhloko
ukukhiqizwa okuvela eKrasnodar Territory kuzoshintshela eSiberia. Ingabe uyaluzwa ushintsho endaweni yamaphrojekthi?
- Mhlawumbe akunjalo emhlabeni jikelele. Siphawula ukunyakaza "enyakatho": sinamakhasimende esifundeni saseYaroslavl, eSuzdal. Kodwa ukunisela ngenkasa manje kuthuthuka ezweni lonke. Kunoma iyiphi, ngisho esifundeni hhayi kushisa kakhulu, abalimi bayaqonda ukuthi isomiso ngesikhathi
ukuhluma noma ekupheleni kwezimbali kunciphisa kakhulu izinga kanye nesivuno samazambane. Ukulahlekelwa ngokwesilinganiso kuyithani elilodwa ehektheleni, okungukuthi, uma isikhathi esingenazo izimvula sithatha izinsuku ezingama-20, umlimi ulahlekelwa ngama-20 t/ha. Futhi asikhulumi ngekhwalithi yamazambane avela manje.
- Ulihlola kanjani izinga lokuthuthukiswa kokunisela e-Urals naseSiberia?
- Kuze kube manje kukhona amaphrojekthi ambalwa asetshenzisiwe, kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi ngokoqobo ngonyaka noma emibili, ama-oda azotheleka evela ezifundeni zase-Urals naseSiberia. Zonke izidingo zokuthuthukiswa kokunisela zikhona: isimo sezulu siwugwadule, futhi kukhona amanzi angasatshalaliswa emasimini. KANYE
iphuzu elibalulekile: iphrosesa enkulu yamazambane isifikile kule ndawo: isitshalo se-PepsiCo esifundeni saseNovosibirsk silungiselela ukuvulwa.
- Okusho ukuthi, ukwethulwa kokucubungula ngokushesha kwandisa inzalo ekuniseleni?
- Ibhizinisi elicubungulayo lidinga ukunikezwa njalo kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka kufana nokulahlekelwa okukhulu, ukwehluleka kwezitshalo
kuzoba yinhlekelele: isitshalo asikwazi ukukhokhela isikhathi sokuphumula, futhi umshwalense oyinhloko ngokumelene nabo ukuchelela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-chips amazambane kufanele ahlangabezane nezidingo eziqinile zekhwalithi. Ngamanye amazwi, wonke amapulazi afuna ukubambisana nebhizinisi azotshala amazambane aniselwe.
Ngonyaka olandelayo noma emibili, kulindeleke ukuthi kube ne-process boom eRussia: inani lamabhizinisi amakhulu andisa ukukhiqizwa kanye nokuvela okusha. Futhi silindele ukuthi kuzoba nemiklamo eminingi yokunisela kuzo zonke izifunda ezithintekile.
- Ngaphandle kwamazambane nemifino, kunenqwaba yezinye izitshalo eziniselwa ngenkasa. Kunenkolelo, isibonelo, ukuthi izitshalo zefolishi zinikeza imiphumela emihle. Uyavumelana nalo mbono?
- Ukutshalwa kwezitshalo zefolishi kuyisiqondiso esithembisayo kubakhiqizi bezolimo. Ukudla okomile kuwumkhiqizo odumile ezimakethe zangaphandle. Ukunisela ngenkasa kukuvumela ukuthi uthole imikhiqizo ngobuningi nangekhwalithi engcono, ngakho-ke ukubaluleka kwayo akunakulinganiswa ngokweqile. Futhi ezifundeni eziningana, ukwethulwa kokunisela kuwukuphela kwendlela yokuqinisekisa umthamo wezitshalo ezidingekayo.
Ekuqaleni kwekwindla, ngangisesifundeni saseVoronezh, esitshalweni esikhiqiza i-alfalfa engenamanzi ngokwenziwa. Inkampani ithumela ngempumelelo imikhiqizo yayo kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa kulo nyaka lesi sitshalo sibhekene nokuntuleka okukhulu kwezinto zokusetshenziswa: ngenxa yesomiso, kwakungenzeka ukwenza ama-cuttings amabili kuphela esikhundleni sezinhlanu ezidingekayo, kanti okwesibili yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ngezinyembezi". Ukube amasimu ayeniselwa, inkampani yayingeke ibhekane nezinkinga ezinjalo.
Esikhathini esingengakanani esidlule, okusanhlamvu kwakufakwe esigabeni sezitshalo eziniselwe eRussia. Yiqiniso, emapulazini amaningi lokhu kwenzeka ngokoqobo
ngenhlanhla: akekho owathenga imishini yokunisela ngokukhethekile ukolweni, baqala ukuyinisela "ngenxa yokujikeleza kwezitshalo." Futhi ngokuzumayo kwavela ukuthi lapho kukhule ngokunisela, isivuno sokusanhlamvu singama-100 c / ha ngaphansi kwezimo zesifunda saseTula, futhi ngaphandle kokunisela sasingu-30-40 c / ha. Uma ukhumbula ukuthi amanani okusanhlamvu akhuphuke kanjani eminyakeni emibili noma emithathu edlule, umehluko mkhulu.
Futhi ngenxa yokunisela, inqwaba yezitshalo zokusanhlamvu iba nkulu, utshani buhlala emhlabathini, ukwakheka kwenhlabathi kuyathuthuka, futhi lokhu kuba nomthelela omuhle esivunweni - kufaka phakathi amazambane nemifino.
- Abalimi abanolwazi bazosho nakanjani ukuthi ukuchelela akulethi izinzuzo kuphela.
- Ukwethulwa kokunisela akukhona nje ukuthengwa kwemishini. Lapho uthuthukisa iphrojekthi, ngokoqobo yonke into kufanele inakwe: ukwakheka kwenhlabathi kuvuliwe
amasimu, isethi yezitshalo ngokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo, inhloso yemikhiqizo, futhi lokhu kuwumsebenzi wethimba lochwepheshe. Amapulazi amabili angaba eceleni,
kodwa bazodinga izixazululo ezahlukene. Ukuqonda lokhu kusiza ukugwema amaphutha abizayo.
- Izimpahla zokuchelela zenyuke kakhulu intengo kulo nyaka odlule. Usibonaphi isizathu?
- Izifafazi ziyizakhiwo zensimbi ezisebenzisa kakhulu insimbi, futhi insimbi ikhuphuke kakhulu intengo emakethe yomhlaba, futhi kuze kube manje ukukhuphuka kuyaqhubeka.
Inhlangano yokuchelela idinga ukusetshenziswa kwenani elikhulu lamapayipi. Amapayipi enziwe nge-polyethylene, futhi izindleko ze-polyethylene zincike emananini kawoyela (kwenzekani kule makethe, wonke umuntu ubona kahle: umnotho wezwe uyalulama, ukukhula kokukhiqiza akuhambelani nokukhula kwesidingo).
- Abalimi abaningi enkabeni yeRussia, ngisho nangaphambi kwalokhu kukhuphuka kwentengo, babekholelwa ukuthi emapulazini anendawo engamahektha ayi-100, ukwethulwa kokunisela kuyinjabulo ebiza ngokungafanele.
- Abalungile. Mhlawumbe abaqapheli ukuthi bangathola amazambane amaningi ngokuphindwe kabili kumahektha ayi-100 afanayo, besebenzisa isethi efanayo yemishini kanye nenani elikhudlwana likamanyolo wamaminerali kanye nemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo. Futhi ikhwalithi yesivuno izoba ngcono izikhathi ezintathu kuya kwezine.
Ngokubona kwami, uma ipulazi lisebenza ekutshalweni kwamazambane endaweni engamahektha angama-50, kunoma yisiphi isifunda sezwe, kufanele libe nemishini yokunisela. Manje, uma sikhuluma ngamazambane embewu, ezinye izinketho zingenzeka.
Futhi masingakhohlwa ukuthi umbuso unikeza izibonelelo zokuthuthukiswa kokunisela, ezifundeni ezahlukene inani lesinxephezelo lihlukile, kodwa kunoma yikuphi, lokhu kusekela okuphawulekayo.