Ngaphandle kweklabishi elimhlophe, eliye laba yisisekelo sezitsha eziningi zezwe, akunakwenzeka ukucabanga ukudla kwaseRussia.
Izinkulungwane zabalimi basekhaya bahlanganyela ekutshaleni imifino, futhi abaningi babo bakhetha ukusebenza nama-hybrids angaphandle. Ingabe ikhona enye indlela yaseRussia ekuphumeleleni kokukhethwa kweYurophu, ingabe kukhona imbewu yekhwalithi eyanele emakethe, futhi yiliphi ikusasa elilindele iklabishi, okuyinto eRus 'yake yabizwa ngokuthi "isinkwa sesithathu"?
Le mibuzo kanye neminye iphendulwa umfuyi odumile emhlabeni wonke oseneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40 enza izinhlobo zeklabishi ezimhlophe zaseRussia, uMqondisi Jikelele we-N.N. Breeding Station LLC. Timofeev" RGAU-MSHA eqanjwe ngemuva. K.A. U-Timiryazeva, Oqokelwe Isayensi Yezolimo uGrigory Monakhos.
- UGrigory Fedorovich, ngokwazi kwami, eRussia kunezinhlobo zesimanje, ezikhiqiza kakhulu zeklabishi elimhlophe. Ingabe bayakwazi ukuncintisana nempumelelo yokukhethwa kwaseYurophu?
- Abalimi bethu kanye nezindawo zezolimo banokufinyelela empumelelweni yokuzalanisa engcono kakhulu emhlabeni, emazweni angaphandle nasekhaya.
Izinhlobo zama-Russian nama-hybrids namuhla zifunwa ikakhulukazi phakathi kweziza zasendlini ezizimele, lapho ibhizinisi lembewu yasekhaya lithola khona inzuzo enkulu. Lesi sigaba sabathengi sibalelwa ku-90% wazo zonke izimbewu ezikhethiwe ekhaya ezithengiswayo.
Emkhiqizweni wezohwebo, isimo sihluke ngokuphelele, kodwa lapha, futhi, cishe u-70% wevolumu yeklabishi ephuzile ekhiqizwa inikezwa yi-hybrids yethu i-Valentina, i-Dominanta, i-Prestige ne-Orion.
Namuhla emasimini aseRussia kukhona umzabalazo onzima wokwakhiwa kwe-varietal. Abafuyi baseRussia bancintisana ngokufanelekile nozakwabo bakwamanye amazwe, benza ama-hybrids afana nekhwalithi nakwamanye amazwe futhi aphakeme kunawo.
Kodwa abalimi bajwayele ukusebenza nama-hybrids angaphandle, kudala bewatshala, futhi bayawazi amandla awo kanye nobuthakathaka. Umkhakha wezolimo uyaqina, futhi abakhiqizi abakakakulungeli ukuyeka lokho abakuthandayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani nezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, abafuyi baseRussia benza okuncane ekukhangiseni imikhiqizo yabo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi emkhakheni ohlelekile wokukhiqiza iklabishi elimhlophe eKyrgyzstan, i-80% yendawo ithathwa yi-hybrid yaseRussia eDominant ne-Orion. Okungukuthi, sikwazile ukukhipha ukukhethwa kwamaDashi kule republic, futhi abalimi bemifino bendawo abafuni nokuzwa ngezinye iklabishi.
– Iklabishi elimhlophe alifakiwe ohlwini lwezitshalo izwe lethu elizibekele isilinganiso sazo sokuthengwa kwembewu kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa isimo singase sishintshe. Kulokhu, ingabe abalimi baseRussia bazoba nezinkinga?
- Ngicabanga ukuthi ngeke kube nemiphumela emibi. Kuhlanganisa nokuthi imikhawulo ngeke isebenze ekuthengisweni kwembewu emazweni anobungane, ikakhulukazi emazweni e-Eurasian Economic Union.
Okwamanje, zonke izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezikhethekile ekukhiqizeni imbewu ziyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngenkuthalo emakethe yaseRussia. Akekho kubo, ngokwazi kwami, ozohamba.
Ukuma kombuso ngalolu daba akucaci ngokuphelele. Njengengxenye yenqubomgomo emenyezelwa phezulu yokushintshwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe, sibona izinyathelo ezingenangqondo ngokuphelele ngasohlangothini lweziphathimandla. Njalo ngonyaka, kusetshenziswa ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili ekuxhaseni ukuthengwa kwembewu yezitshalo zakwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kuchazwa yimithetho ye-WTO, nakuba ingxenye yenswinyo ebekwe izwe lethu iphula ngokusobala. Empeleni, sixhasa ngezimali izimbangi zethu, sigqugquzela umnotho wamanye amazwe ngesikhathi lapho abafuyi basekhaya bedinga ukwesekwa okunamandla.
- Yimiphi imisebenzi abalimi baseRussia abasebenza kuyo manje?
– Udaba lokuzuza ukumelana neklabishi elimhlophe ezifweni ezehlukene luya phambili. Sikwazile ukuxazulula inkinga ye-clubroot, futhi izinhlobo ezine ezikwazi ukumelana nezifo sezifakiwe kuRejista Yombuso Yezimpumelelo Zokuzalela. Ngiyaqaphela ukuthi zimbili kuphela izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezinemikhiqizo efanayo ebangeni lemikhiqizo yazo.
Ngemuva kokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezitshalo emapulazini amaningana aseRussia asuka ku-Fusarium wilt, izinhlobo zashintshwa zaba yizinzalo ezingazweli. Futhi sizibophezele ukuthi ngeke sithumele ukuhlolwa kombuso izinhlobo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zeklabishi elimhlophe ngaphandle kokumelana nezakhi zofuzo kulesi sifo.
Inselele entsha kithi ukuhlulwa kweklabishi ngamathrips kagwayi. Kufanele ulwe nalo usebenzisa izindlela zamakhemikhali. Kunzima kakhulu ukwenza ama-hybrids abekezelela izinambuzane. Sikwazile ukuthola ukuthi kungenxa yokuqukethwe kwe-glucobrassicin, inhlanganisela yemvelo ngenxa yokuthi izitshalo ze-cruciferous zithola ukunambitheka okubabayo okuxosha izinambuzane. Kodwa-ke, uma umkhiqizo usuvuthwe ngokwedlulele, ukubaba kuyehla futhi ama-thrips alimaza iklabishi. Ngokuzayo, kukhona ithuba lokususa ama-thrips kalula futhi ngeshibhile usebenzisa imikhiqizo yebhayoloji yasekhaya. Ngemuva kochungechunge olusha lokuhlolwa, sizoba nedatha enembe kakhudlwana, bese imiphumela yocwaningo lwethu isilungele ukushicilelwa.
Ngenxa yokwanda komthamo wamanyolo amaminerali asetshenziswa ekukhuleni kwemifino, enye inkinga isibe nzima kakhulu. Amakhanda eklabishi emapulazini alima kakhulu athintwa i-necrosis yangaphakathi. Amanye ama-hybrids asengozini enkulu yalesi sifo somzimba, kanti amanye ayamelana nakho. Kodwa kulokhu, isici esinqumayo singase sibe amaphutha abalimi ngokwabo. Imbangela ye-necrosis ukukhula ngokweqile kwesitshalo esikhulayo. Noma, njengaseRiphabhulikhi yaseMari El, ukusetshenziswa ngokungacabangi kwendle yezinyoni njengomanyolo, okuholela ekweqiseni kwe-ammonia enhlabathini, okuvimbela isivuno ekumunceni i-calcium.
Sibeke izinyathelo ezimbalwa zokuqeda bonke ubunzima obuchaziwe. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukudalwa kwezizinda ezivusa inkanuko ezidingekayo ekukhethweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zeklabishi elimhlophe ngayinye yezimpawu zokuzalanisa.
- Ingabe zikhona izici ezivimbela umsebenzi wososayensi?
- Ngikholwa ukuthi izimo ezibekwe yi-State Variety Testing Commission zezinhlobo ezintsha nama-hybrids zidinga ukubuyekezwa. Umbandela oyinhloko wokufakwa kwiRejista Yombuso yisivuno esikhulu, kodwa lokhu akulungile ngokuphelele uma kuziwa emifino.
Okwamanje, asikho isiqephu esisodwa sombuso lapho kuhlolwa khona amandla okugcina izitshalo zemifino. Ubusika bethu buhlala cishe izinyanga ezingu-6-7, futhi sonke lesi sikhathi inani labantu lidinga ukondliwa ngemifino egcinwe endaweni yokugcina. Kuyacaca ukuthi iklabishi elizinzile kakhulu alikhiqizi kangako futhi lizohluka kwezinye izakhiwo zabathengi. Kodwa-ke ake sinqume ukuthi yini ebaluleke kakhulu kithi: ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokudla noma ukudweba izinombolo ezinhle.
- Ubani futhi kuphi osebenza ekukhiqizeni imbewu yezinhlobo zeklabishi ezimhlophe ezifuywayo?
- Izikhungo ezine kuphela zesayensi ezihilelekile ekukhetheni iklabishi eRussia, kuhlanganise neTimiryazev Academy. Futhi ingxenye eyinhloko yembewu yezitshalo zokutshala izitshalo zentengiso inikezwa isiteshi esiqanjwe ngo-N.N. Timofeeva futhi Agrofirm "Poisk".
Isikhungo sethu sithengisa cishe ithani lembewu ngonyaka emalini esele edingwa umkhakha ohleliwe.
Ukutshalwa kwembewu yeklabishi emhlophe kwahlelwa endaweni yokuhlola eRiphabhulikhi yaseDagestan, ezimeni ezomile ezingaphansi kwe-subtropical. Imbewu ikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa indlela eshibhile, engatshalwa kabusha uma kutshalwa izithombo ekwindla.Ngonyaka odlule, endaweni eseDagestan, sathola amakhilogremu angu-800 embewu eyingxube enesilinganiso sokuhluma esingu-95%. Lokhu kuyinkomba enhle, nakuba isifunda sisenomsebenzi othile okufanele siwenze. Izinkinga ezinkulu zihlala zingalandelwa ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwembewu yezitshalo yizinkomo.
– Kungenzeka yini ukwanda ukukhiqizwa kwembewu?
- Njengamanje sikhawulela indawo engaphansi kwezitshalo zembewu, ngoba asiboni nzuzo yokukhiqiza imikhiqizo eminingi kunaleyo esingakwazi ukuyithengisa. Kodwa indawo yokuzalanisa ingakhuphula umkhiqizo okungenani izikhathi eziyishumi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, uma kunesidingo.
- Yiziphi izinhlobo zasekhaya kanye nama-hybrids aziwa kakhulu phakathi kwabakhiqizi?
- Phakathi kwezinhlobo zeklabishi, ezidume kakhulu yi-Iyunskaya, i-Slava 1305, i-Slava Gribovskaya 231, i-Podarok, i-Belorusskaya 455, i-Amager 611, i-Zimovka 1474, eyakhiwe esiteshini sokuzalela i-Gribovskaya (manje i-Federal Scientific Center for Vegetable Growing). Phakathi kwama-hybrids adingekayo yi-Nastya, Kazachok, Transfer, ehlukaniswa ngokuvuthwa kwabo kwasekuqaleni, ukukhiqiza nokunambitheka okuhle kakhulu.
- IN Yiziphi, ngokubona kwakho, izici zemakethe yeklabishi emhlophe eRussia?
- Uma sibheka ukwakheka kwe-varietal, sizobona ukuthi kuze kufike ku-70% wezitshalo ezitshaliwe ezweni zidalwe 30-40, noma ngisho neminyaka engama-50 edlule. Kwabangaphandle kukhona i-Atria, Rinda, Aggressor, ezasekhaya kukhona iTransfer, Kazachok, SB 3, Kolobok, Valentina.
Kunzima ukuthi izinkampani zembewu zingene emakethe nemikhiqizo emisha. Imikhiqizo emisha ivame ukuvela ingafunwanga, ngakho-ke izindleko zokwenza ama-hybrids eklabishi azikhokhi. Lokhu, futhi, kungenxa ye-conservatism yabalimi.
Ngokuqondene nokudayiswa kweklabishi lokuhweba, imithetho emakethe eminyakeni yamuva nje isethwe ngokudayisa. Amaketanga okuthengisa alindele amakhanda eklabishi kubakhiqizi abanezici ezithile: isisindo esingaba ngamakhilogremu amabili kanye nokuphila kweshelufu eliphezulu. Kodwa iklabishi elinjalo liqukethe i-fiber eningi, engahambisani nomthengi. Ayifaneleki ngokuphelele ukuvutshelwa futhi idinga ukwelashwa okude kokushisa.
Umkhakha wezolimo uphoqeleka ukuthi ukhulise imikhiqizo ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zamanethiwekhi. Abalimi bemifino balahlekelwa kakhulu ngokunciphisa ngokuzenzela isivuno sama-hybrids aphuzile ukusuka kumathani ayi-100 ehektheleni ngalinye kuya kumathani angama-70-80. Nakuba, ngokusho kobuchwepheshe bezolimo, umkhiqizi kufanele aqale ukuvuna lapho isisindo sekhanda leklabishi sifinyelela okungenani amakhilogremu amathathu.
- Ukuchaza kanjani ukuncishiswa kwezindawo ezitshalwayo ezibonwe eminyakeni yamuva nje?
- Okokuqala, lokhu kungenxa yokwehla kwesidingo sabantu. Ukudliwa kweklabishi kuyehla ngoba isiko lokudla selishintshile, nesiko lokuvubela iklabishi ngobuningi ebusika alisekho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhethwa kwemifino emisha kuye kwanda kakhulu phakathi nenkathi ebandayo.
Isidingo sokutshala iklabishi ezindaweni ezinkulu asisadingeki, njengoba abalimi abaningi benyuse isivuno sezitshalo kwaze kwafika ezingeni eliphezulu. Isibonelo, abakhiqizi abasebenza ngama-hybrids ethu bathola kalula amathani ayi-120 ihektha ngalinye.
Kunesinye isizathu sokuncipha kwendawo engaphansi kweklabishi - ukuntuleka kwabasebenzi. Ukuvuna isivuno kuvame ukwenziwa ngesandla, kepha abekho abasebenzi abenele, ngisho nezivakashi ezivela ezifundeni zase-Asia Ephakathi. Ukukhiqiza kwenhlanganisela ekhethekile kuphansi. Ukwazi ukuvuna ihektha elilodwa kuphela ngosuku, futhi esimweni sezulu esomile kuphela, futhi abantu abayisishiyagalolunye kufanele bamkhonze. Kuvela ukuthi ukukhulisa ezinye imifino kusuka kusethi ye-borscht, ukuvuna okukhona ngomshini, kunenzuzo enkulu kakhulu.
- UGrigory Fedorovich, yimaphi amathemba eklabishi elimhlophe eRussia?
– Amathemba okuthuthukiswa kwale ndawo, okuhlanganisa nokuzalanisa nokukhiqizwa kwembewu, ancike ngokuphelele emsebenzini wabathengi kanye nenqubomgomo yombuso. Okwamanje, akekho ozosho ukuthi ukwehla kwesidingo seklabishi sekufinyelele umkhawulo, noma ngabe isimo sizoba sibi kakhulu.
Asikwazanga ukwandisa ububanzi bomsebenzi ngeklabishi, isikhungo sethu sesayensi sithathe esinye isitshalo - i-rapeseed. E-Russia, cishe amahektha ayizigidi ezimbili abelwe imbewu yokudlwengula. Sekuvele kukhona impumelelo yokuqala: sithole ama-spring rapeseed hybrids asebenza kahle kakhulu.
Siphinde sagxila ekuzaleni u-anyanisi, izinga lokukhiqizwa kwalo elikhulayo; ngo-2022, lesi sitshalo sadlula iklabishi ngokwendawo yokulima kanye nenani lokukhiqiza. NgokoMnyango Wezolimo WaseRussia, ngalowo nyaka kwavunwa amathani ayizigidi ezingu-1,05 ka-anyanisi namathani ayizinkulungwane ezingu-950 eklabishi kuleli zwe.
Abasebenzi bethu sebevele benze ama-hybrid amaningi ka-anyanisi amelana nofuzo ku-downy mildew. Manje enye yama-hybrids, i-Resistor, ihlolwa isimo sezinhlobonhlobo. Ngendlela, ama-hybrids afanayo avela phesheya eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule, kodwa akekho noyedwa wabo owabhaliswa eRussia. U-anyanisi ongenwa yilesi sifo kufanele ulashwe nge-systemic fungicide izikhathi eziyisithupha ngesizini ngayinye. Kuthatha cishe imali efanayo ukuthenga isibulala-zinambuzane njengoba kwenza ukuthenga imbewu. Okusho ukuthi, izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe ezingabaholi ekuthengisweni kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo azizuzi ekubukeni kwezinhlobo ezixubile zesimanje ezingcono kakhulu emasimini ethu. Ngakho-ke zenzele ezakho iziphetho ukuthi kufanele saneliseke yini ngezimpumelelo zokukhetha zaseNtshonalanga.
U-Irina Berg