Eminyakeni yamuva nje, isifo se-anthracnose (indawo emnyama, ichashazi elimnyama), esibangelwa ukhunta i-Colletotrichum coccodes, siye sasakazeka ezindaweni ezikhulayo zamazambane. Abakhiqizi nabacwaningi kudala bakubheka njengesifo esincane esingabalulekile kangako. Kodwa ukwanda kokulimala okwenzekile ngokumelene nokwasemuva kwezidingo ezikhulayo zekhwalithi yezilimo eziyizigaxa kokubili esimweni esisha nasembonini yokucubungula kudlulisele i-anthracnose esigabeni sesifo esibalulekile kwezomnotho esibangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezomnotho. Ngokusho kwezincwadi zesayensi (Kuznetsova M.A. et al., 2020), eRussia kuze kube maphakathi nawo-1950s, i-anthracnose kumazambane yayingandile. Kwabe sekukhula kancane kancane lesi sifo. Ngo-1980-1985, ukulimala kwezitshalo zamazambane nge-anthracnose kusuka ku-5 kuya ku-25%, ngo-1986-1987 kusuka ku-10 kuya ku-35%, ehlobo elishisayo nelomile lika-1988, ukulimala kweziqongo kusuka ku-10 kuya ku-70%, ngo-1989 - kusuka ku-5 kuya ku-40%, ngo-1990-2000 - kusuka ku-3 kuya ku-35%, ngo-2001-2009 - kusuka ku-2 kuya ku-55%, ehlobo elishisayo nelomile lika-2010 lisuka ku-5 liye ku-100%, ngo-2011-2019 - kusukela ku-3 kuya ku-65 12 %. Abacwaningi bayavuma ukuthi izizathu eziyinhloko zokwanda kobungozi be-anthracnose ukungeniswa kwembewu engcolile, isakazwa ngembewu, ukulimala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngesikhathi kulinywa ngomshini kanye nokwehla kokumelana nezitshalo ngokumelene nesizinda sezimo ezikhulayo zokukhula. I-anthracnose inganciphisa ngokuqondile isivuno samazambane ngo-30-XNUMX%, yehlise ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ngenxa yamabala angaphandle esikhumbeni, ukuguga kwezicubu zangaphakathi, futhi kuholele ekwehleni kokudayiswa kwesitshalo ngesikhathi sokugcinwa.
Izimpawu ze-anthracnose. Ukhunta i-Colletotrichum coccodes ingavela ezigabeni zamazambane, ama-stolon, izimpande, iziqu kanye namahlamvu. Ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zezitshalo, izimpawu zokuqala ze-anthracnose zivela njengokuphuzi nokomisa kwamaqabunga. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iziqu zihlala ziluhlaza isikhathi eside (isithombe 1). I-anthracnose ayikwazi ukubonwa ngokuphuzi kwamaqabunga kuphela. Ukomiswa kwamaqabunga amazambane akubangwa kuphela i-anthracnose, i-sclerotinia, i-pectobacteria, kodwa futhi yi-cercospora blight, i-alternaria blight, kanye ne-verticillium wilt. Njengomphumela wokubonakaliswa okuhlangene kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezifo, ukomiswa kwamazambane kwamazambane kusenesikhathi kubonakala kakhulu ekukhiqizeni.
Engxenyeni yesibili yenkathi yokukhula, lesi sifo sithinta iziqu. Okokuqala, amabala amancane ethusi avela endaweni lapho amaqabunga omisiwe enamathiselwe khona (isithombe 2). Khona-ke indawo ethintekile iyakhula (isithombe 3). Kamuva, amabala akhula ngosayizi futhi amboze i-mycelium emhlophe kuwo. I-stem tissue ngaphansi kwe-mycelium ishintsha umbala usuka wethusi uye omnyama (isithombe 4,5). Uqweqwe olumhlophe eziqwini luphinde ludalwe yi-rhizoctonia, i-sclerotinia, nokubola okumpunga.
Isithombe 2,3. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-anthracnose eziqwini
Isithombe 4,5. Ukumbozwa okumhlophe kwe-anthracnose mycelium eziqwini
Amabala e-anthracnose nawo athinta indawo engaphansi kweziqu. Zifana ngombala nokubonakaliswa kwe-rhizoctonia (isithombe 6). Kodwa-ke, ku-rhizoctonia, ngokungafani ne-anthracnose, umngcele phakathi kwezicubu ezithintekile nezinempilo ucacile kakhulu.
Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwe-anthracnose engxenyeni engaphansi yesitshalo endaweni yokulimala kweziqu, ama-stolons, nezimpande, ingaphezulu liyabola, liyaxebuka futhi lihlukaniswa kalula (isithombe 7). Uma umswakama uphezulu, umonakalo uthatha umbala onsomi okhanyayo.
Iziqu ezilimele zikhishwa kalula emhlabathini. Esizeni sokutheleleka kweziqu, ama-microsclerotia amaningi amnyama akhiwa (isithombe 8). Ngakho igama lesiNgisi lesi sifo - ichashazi elimnyama (ichashazi elimnyama). Kodwa futhi lokhu akulona uphawu olukhethekile; i-sclerotia nayo yakhiwe yi-verticillium nokubola okumhlophe.
Izimpawu ze-anthracnose ezitshalweni ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ekuqaleni lawa ampunga, amachashaza angahlelekile emakhasini. Ngesikhathi sokugcina, kuvela i-tint yesiliva (isithombe 9). Ngokungafani notwayi lwesiliva, amabala e-anthracnose ahlukaniswe kancane kancane nekhasi elinempilo futhi i-microsclerotia ibonakala ezindaweni (isithombe 10). Ichashaza elivamile elimnyama elinamachashazi ansundu ngokusasiliva livela ebusweni be-tuber ngokugcwala kwe-microsclerotia emnyama esicutshini esigulayo. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezithinteke kakhulu ziyashwabana, isikhumba sidabuka kalula ngaphandle, lapho kwakheka khona i-sclerotia encane. Ubuso bezilimo eziyizigaxa alilingani futhi bumpy. Ekusikeni kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezithintekile, izicubu ezinombala onsundu zingalandelelwa ekujuleni kuka-0.5-0.8 cm, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuvela izindawo ezicindezeleke kanzima. Ngesikhathi sokufukamela isikhathi eside ezimeni zokugcina, izimpawu zesifo zisakazeka kulo lonke i-tuber, izicubu ezikhalayo, ukwakheka kwamafinyila kanye nokubhujiswa okuphelele kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinjalo.
Isithombe 9. Izimpawu kanye ne-sclerotia ye-anthracnose ezigabeni
Ngokuthuthuka okuqinile kwe-anthracnose, izindawo ezicindezelekile, ukuphuka emakhasini, ukulimala okumnyama kwendandatho ye-vascular kanye ne-pulp yezilimo eziyizigaxa kuyaphawulwa, okuhluke ngandlela thile kwezinye izifo ze-tuber (i-blight sekwephuzile, i-phomosis, i-fusarium, i-ditylenchosis), kodwa hhayi. ngokuhlukile. Izimpawu ezibonakalayo kulesi sigaba azanele ukukhomba i-pathogen (isithombe 11).
Imithombo yokutheleleka kanye nezici zokuthuthukiswa kwe-anthracnose. Ukutheleleka kwamazambane nge-C. coccodes kungabangelwa umhlabathi, i-tuber kanye ne-inoculum emoyeni. I-inoculum yomhlabathi, njengomthetho, iyingozi kakhulu kune-tuber inoculum. Emhlabathini, isikhunta singaba khona njenge-sclerotia noma njenge-conidia emazingeni angabonakali. Ngaphambilini, kwakukholelwa ukuthi i-sclerotia iphila emhlabathini iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-4; okwamanje kunezimangalo zokuthi lesi sikhathi senyuswe eminyakeni engu-8-15. I-pathogen overwinters ngendlela ye-sclerotia ebusweni bezilimo eziyizigaxa ezithintekile, emfucumfucwini yezitshalo nasemhlabeni. Entwasahlobo, ama-spores akha emfucumfucwini yezitshalo, izilimo eziyizigaxa futhi asakazwa ngamaconsi omswakama enhlabathini nasesitshalweni. Ngesikhathi sasehlobo, izinhlamvu zihluma kumswakama owuketshezi futhi ziyakwazi ukuthelela zonke izingxenye zesitshalo. Ukutheleleka kabusha kwezitshalo kwenzeka izikhathi eziningi phakathi nenkathi yonyaka; izinhlamvu zisakazwa umoya, izinambuzane namaconsi emvula. I-C. cocodes ivame ukuhlasela iziqu zamazambane nezinye izicubu ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokukhula, kodwa izimpawu ze-chlorosis ne-leaf necrosis, kanye nezimpawu ze-pathogen ngesimo se-sclerotia, ngokuvamile azibonakali kuze kube sekwephuzile kakhulu ngenkathi yokukhula.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa zembewu ezinegciwane ngokuvamile ziwumthombo wokuqala wokutheleleka kwenhlabathi kanye nomthombo obalulekile wokutheleleka kwezimpande, ama-stolons kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa zamantombazane. Noma iyiphi ingxenye ye-tuber surface ingangenwa ama-C. cocodes futhi lokhu kungaholela ekuthelelekeni okulandelayo kwesiqu. Akunakwenzeka ukubona konke ukuhlasela ku-batch, ngoba isikhunta singase sithathe ingxenye encane yobuso noma sibe ngaphakathi kwe-tuber. Imbewu engenazo izimpawu ezibonakalayo ze-C. coccodes ingase itheleleke. I-fungus kancane kancane iqoqa inhlabathi kusuka entweni yembewu, isuka kude ne-tuber enegciwane ngenani elingu-1 mm ngosuku. Ukutheleleka kwembewu kamama kunomthelela unomphela ekuthelelekeni kwembewu, futhi lokhu kutheleleka okuvela enzalweni kamama kuqala ngokushesha ngemva kokutshala. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zembewu ezinokutheleleka kwangaphandle zikhiqiza izilimo eziyizigaxa zamantombazane ezinemvamisa ephezulu kanye nobunzima bokutheleleka, kanye ne-stem infection kanye nenani lezimila ezithintekile ekugcineni kwe-stolon. Amazinga afanayo esifo akhula ezigabeni naseziqwini zezitshalo ezitshalwe ezigabeni ezinempilo kodwa eduze nezilimo eziyizigaxa zembewu ezinokutheleleka kwangaphakathi noma kwangaphandle. I-Anthracnose mycelium inyakaza enhlabathini isuka ezigabeni zembewu enegciwane iye ezigabeni zendodakazi yezitshalo ezingomakhelwane. Akukho ukuhlobana phakathi kokutheleleka endaweni ye-tuber kanye nokutheleleka kwangaphakathi. Kodwa-ke, wonke ama-tubers anezifo zangaphakathi nawo abe nezifo zangaphandle. Ukutheleleka ngemithambo ye-C. cocodes ezigabeni zembewu kuyakhathaza kakhulu ngoba akuvamile ukuthi izifo zemithambo zilawuleke ngokwelapha izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinegciwane ngezibulala-sikhunta ezigcotshwa endaweni ye-tuber.
Yini ebangela umonakalo - imbewu engcolile, inhlabathi engcolile, ukudluliswa komoya? Lokhu kunganqunywa ezinye izici zesilonda. Izilonda ezisemoyeni ziyafana ngokubukeka ne-Alternaria blight, kodwa izindandatho azenzi ngaphakathi kwesilonda. Ezifundeni ezivame ukuba nezivunguvungu zothuli, kunengozi enkulu yokutheleleka kwamaqabunga ngale ndlela, njengoba amanxeba esihlabathi ehlinzeka ngezindawo zokungena kukhunta. Imvamisa ephezulu yokutheleleka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ekugcineni kwe-stolon ibonisa ukuthi ukutheleleka okuyinhloko kwama-tubers endodakazi kwenzeka ngenxa yokungena kwe-pathogen ngokusebenzisa i-stolons, i.e. kusuka ku-tuber kamama. Kolunye ucwaningo, insimu yatshalwa enembewu ehlanzekile emhlabathini omusha, kodwa yathola ukuthi phakathi kuka-15 no-88% wezilimo eziyizigaxa zamantombazane zingcolile.
Uma umthombo oyinhloko kuwumhlabathi, khona-ke ukuthuthukiswa kwe-microsclerotia kuma-tubers kwenzeka ngokungahleliwe phezu kwawo wonke ama-tubers. Izimpawu zamachashazi amnyama zivela ngokuvama okukhulu kwezicubu zezimpande (60 kuya ku-90%) ngosuku lokuqala lokuhlola emasontweni ayi-5 ngemva kokutshala, kungakhathaliseki izinga le-inoculum (eliphansi noma eliphakeme), kodwa eziqwini ezingaphansi komhlaba lesi sifo sibonakala ngalesi sikhathi singabalulekile noma singekho ngokuphelele. . Ucwaningo olufanayo olubheka i-tuber-borne inoculum lwathola ukuthi izimpawu ezimpandeni nama-stolons zingabonakala ngesikhathi sokuvela kwezithombo, kanti izimpawu eziqwini zivele cishe amasonto angu-7 kuya kwangu-10 ngemva kokujova. Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhulayo zezohwebo e-Washington State (USA) lubonise ukuthi i-C. coccodes ivela ezinsukwini ezingu-15 ngemuva kokuvela eziqwini ezingaphezulu komhlaba, futhi kamuva, ezinsukwini ezingu-22 ngemva kokuvela, eziqwini ezingaphansi komhlaba; nokho, amanani amakhulu okutheleleka ngokuvamile ayehlukaniswa neziqu ezingaphansi komhlaba ngezinsuku zamasampula ezalandela.
Esivivinyweni sasensimini eScotland, i-C. coccodes colonization yezimpande zezicubu ezitholwe ezitshalweni ezincane ezingenazo izifo zazifana nezimpande ezitholakala kuzo zombili izigaxa zembewu ezihlanzekile nezingenasici lapho zihlolwa ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokukhula, kodwa zaba ngaphansi kakhulu kamuva. izinsuku zesampula. Ocwaningweni lwe-Idaho, ukwenziwa kwamakholoni kwezicubu ze-stem ngama-C. coccodes ngaphezulu nangaphansi komhlaba kwakuphakeme kunemvamisa ye-colonization yama-stolons nezimpande. Lokhu kuthambekela kwaqhubeka kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukutheleleka kwabangelwa ukungcoliswa kwenhlabathi, izigaxa zembewu, noma ukujovwa kwe-foliar. Lokhu kuphambene nezifundo zangaphambilini ezibonise ukuthi izimpawu zesifo se-blackhead zingatholwa kuqala ezicutsheni zezimpande uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye izicubu zezitshalo ezihloliwe. Ucwaningo oluhlukene luhlole izici ezihlukene: ubulukhuni bezimpawu noma ukuqoqwa kwezicubu yi-fungus, okuyisizathu esingenzeka kakhulu sokungafani. Kuyavunywa ngokujwayelekile ukuthi ukutheleleka kwe-C. coccodes kuhlala kufiphele isikhathi eside eziqwini uma kuqhathaniswa nezimpande nama-stolons.
Ucwaningo oluqhathanise imiphumela yenhlabathi nembewu lubonise ukuthi ukusulelana ngenhlabathi kubangela amachashaza amnyama amaningi kunokutheleleka ngembewu. Ngaphansi kwezimo zasensimini eNgilandi, amazinga ahlukahlukene e-seed tuber inoculum abangele ukwanda kokutheleleka kwe-anthracnose ezisekelweni zesiqu nezimpande, kodwa hhayi ngokulingana nezinga lokutheleleka kwe-tuber yembewu, kuyilapho izinga lokungcoliswa komhlabathi libikezela izinga lokutheleleka kwe-anthracnose. Ukwandisa inani le-inoculum yenhlabathi kukhulisa ubunzima besifo, okuhlanganisa i-leaf necrosis kanye ne-chlorosis, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-sclerosis ezimpandeni neziqu.
Ukwazi ukuthi amasimu angcoliswe kanjani i-black dot inoculum kusiza ukwenza izinqumo mayelana nokukhetha indawo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-fungicidal tillage, noma yiziphi izinhlobonhlobo okufanele zitshalwe ensimini ethile. Nge-anthracnose, indlela yokuhlola enembile iye yasungulwa, ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-PCR DNA, futhi ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinga le-inoculum enhlabathini kanye nobungozi besifo samazambane sebusunguliwe. Inqubo yesampula yomhlabathi yokuhlolwa kwe-anthracnose iyafana nokuhlolwa kwe-nematode. I-DNA ehlosiwe ye-anthracnose ilinganiswa nge-PCR futhi ivezwe njenge-pg DNA/g inhlabathi (pg - picogram noma i-trillionth yegramu). Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwenhlabathi ihlukanisa ubungozi njengobuphansi (0-100 pg DNA/g inhlabathi), okuphakathi (101-1000 pg DNA/g inhlabathi) kanye nokuphakama (>1000 pg DNA/g inhlabathi) ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni enqunywe inhlabathi. ukungcola kumazambane. Uma inani lomkhawulo liphansi, kunengozi encane yamazinga e-pathogenic e-anthracnose engathinta ukumaketheka. Uma umkhawulo uphezulu, kunobungozi obukhulu bokuthi ukudayiswa kwengxenye enkulu yezilimo eziyizigaxa kuzoncishiswa ngaphandle uma kuthathwa izinyathelo zokunciphisa ubungozi (Umfanekiso 13). Kodwa-ke, amaphethini okuthuthukiswa kwe-anthracnose ezifundweni eziningi avele aphikisana kakhulu, futhi ukutheleleka kwenhlabathi noma imbewu akubangeli njalo ukwehla okuhambisanayo kwesivuno kanye nekhwalithi yezilimo eziyizigaxa. Iqiniso liwukuthi imiphumela yokutheleleka kwe-anthracnose ekugcineni incike ekuhlanganiseni okuyingqayizivele kwezimo zangaphandle kanye nezici ze-agrotechnical ezimweni zokukhiqiza.
Izinga lokushisa elilungile lokukhula kwe-C. coccodes hyphae ngu-24 оC. Ukwakheka kwe-sclerotia kanye nokutheleleka okulandelayo kwezicubu zezitshalo kwenzeka ebangeni lokushisa elibanzi. Izimpawu azizange zibonwe kuma-tubers ekushiseni kwe-15 оC, kodwa kulokhu kushisa kwatholakala inani elikhulu leziqu ezithelelekile. Ukungena komoya nokukhanya nakho kuthinta ukuhluma kwe-sclerotia. I-Conidia yakheka ngamanani amakhulu ku- aboveground sclerotia.
I-anthracnose ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nenhlabathi enesihlabathi esincane, amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nokungahambi kahle kwamanzi. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlukahluka komonakalo ezitshalweni ezicindezelekile kwenza kube nzima ukukhomba izitayela ethonyeni lezinto eziphilayo kanye ne-biotic ekuthuthukisweni kwezifo. E-US, imvula enkulu, ukunisela kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi ekuqaleni kwesizini okulandelwa isomiso eside kwaholela ekubhebhethekeni kwalesi sifo. ENgilandi, ukuchelela kwehlise ukutheleleka kweziqu, izimpande nezilimo eziyizigaxa kuze kufike emasontweni ayi-18 ngemuva kokutshala, kodwa kwandise ngezigaba zakamuva. Kwa-Israyeli, lapho zonke izitshalo ziniselwa njalo, izifo kanye nokulahlekelwa kwesivuno kuye kwabonwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kanye nomhlabathi owomile.
Zonke izinhlobo zamazambane zingenwa kalula yi-C. coccodes, kodwa ngamazinga ahlukahlukene. Ucwaningo lwangaphandle lubonise ukuthi izinhlobo ezinesikhumba esincanyana zingenwa kalula yi-anthracnose kunezinhlobo ezinesikhumba esishubile. Kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo zemvamisa ye-stem colonization kanye nobukhulu bomonakalo ebusweni bezilimo eziyizigaxa. Umehluko phakathi kokuhlaselwa kwesiqu kanye ne-tuber wabonwa kwezinye izimila, isibonelo i-Desiree yayinezinga eliphansi kakhulu lokuhlaselwa kwesiqu kodwa elinye lamazinga aphezulu kakhulu okuhlaselwa kwe-tuber. Ubukhulu bokutheleleka buphezulu ezinhlobonhlobo zakuqala njengoba izilimo eziyizigaxa zithintana ne-inoculum yomhlabathi isikhathi eside. Izinguquko zenzeka kuzo zombili izinhlobo zakuqala nezakamuva, okuphakamisa ithonya lofuzo. E-Russian Federation, kuye kwenziwa izifundo ezihlukene mayelana nokumelana nezinhlobo zamazambane ku-anthracnose. Isibonelo, ukuqapha okwenziwa yi-VIZR kwe-tuber material yezigaba eziphakeme esifundeni saseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga kubonise ukuthi izinhlobo ezithinteke kakhulu yi-anthracnose kwakuyi-Gala, i-Lomonosovsky, i-Eurasia, i-Labadiya ne-Sudarynya, kanti ezisengozini kakhulu yi-Nevsky, i-Red Scarlett, i-Charodey ne- I-Alouette.
Isifo se-anthracnose ezitshalweni siphezulu ngokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo zamazambane unyaka owodwa kuya kwemithathu. Isifo se-anthracnose sehla kakhulu njengoba isibalo seminyaka phakathi kwezilimo zamazambane sikhula. I-C. cocodes itholakala emasimini angenamazambane iminyaka eyi-10 neyi-15, kodwa izinga lokutheleleka liba phansi ngemva kweminyaka eyi-6 noma ngaphezulu ngaphandle kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane. Izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo ezitshaliwe kanye nokhula zithintwa i-anthracnose, zisebenza njengezitshalo ezisingatha futhi zinomthelela ekuphikeleni kwesikhathi eside kokutheleleka emhlabathini. Ucwaningo lwangaphandle luye lwabonisa ukuthi lunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezilwane, ezihlanganisa okungenani izinhlobo ezingu-58 nemindeni engu-17, ngokuyinhloko imifino evela emndenini we-nightshade - utamatisi, isitshalo seqanda, upelepele obomvu, ugwayi. Kodwa izaqathe, u-anyanisi, i-broccoli, ulethisi, itafula kanye ne-sugar beet, i-rapeseed, nesinaphi esiphuzi nazo ziyathinteka. Ukolweni, ummbila, ubhontshisi wesoya, ubhekilanga, okusanhlamvu, ubhontshisi, nophizi akunankinga nalesi sifo. Imikhiqizo yokubola ekhishwe ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo - izitshalo ze-cruciferous, i-sweet clover, i-lupine, i-sorghum-sudanese hybrid - inciphisa ukukhula kwezinhlobo eziningi zesikhunta se-pathogenic. Umquba oluhlaza onezitshalo ze-biofumigant wehlisa ubulukhuni be-anthracnose.
Ukhula oluningi (black nightshade, field bindweed, white pigweed, shepherd purse, common nettle, knotweed, European heliotrope, njll.) lungaholela ekwandeni kwenani le-inoculum noma lungasebenza njengomthombo we-inoculum oyinhloko wamazambane. I-C. coccodes inoculum iphila emhlabathini hhayi kuphela kwezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ezisingathwayo, kodwa nasezigabeni zamazambane ezisele ensimini ngemva kokuvuna. Ziqhuma ngonyaka olandelayo futhi ziqongelela izifo eziningi. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane ezinokhula zihlala zisebenza iminyaka eminingana ngemuva kokuvuna kokuqala. Ukulawulwa kwamavolontiya, i.e. amazambane amavolontiya abalulekile ekwehliseni inani le-anthracnose inoculum emhlabathini.
Ukucindezeleka kwezitshalo okubangelwa ukuntuleka kwezakhi noma ukungalingani kungandisa i-anthracnose colonization yezimpande zamazambane. Ekuhloleni okulawulwayo, i-nitrogen yanikezwa ku-5, 40, 160, kanye no-640 ppm ukuze kutholwe ukushoda kwe-nitrogen kanye nengcindezi ye-nitrogen eyeqile ezitshalweni. Izitshalo ezinezimpande zajova ngokumiswa kwezinhlamvu ze-C. cocodes. Ukwenziwa kwamakoloni kwezimpande kwakukuhle kakhulu ezingeni le-nitrogen eliphansi kakhulu (5 ppm). Izimpande zekoloni zehla njengoba ukugcwala kwe-nitrogen kukhuphuka kwafinyelela ku-160 ppm, okwakuyizinga le-N elilungile, kwase kukhuphuka njengoba i-nitrogen ikhula yaba ngu-640 ppm. Lapho kuhlolwa i-potassium, izimpande ezinkulu kakhulu ze-colonization zenzeka ezingeni le-potassium eliphansi kakhulu (0 mg K) futhi lehla njengoba ukugxila kwe-potassium kukhuphukela ku-80 mg K (izinga eliphezulu le-K), futhi kwanda kancane njengoba ukugxila kwe-potassium kukhuphukela ku-160 mg K. iphethini nayo yabonwa lapho kuhlolwa i-phosphorus. I-colonization enkulu kakhulu yezimpande yenzeke ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu lika-P (0,032 mL) futhi lehla njengoba ukugxiliswa kwe-P kukhuphuka kuya ezingeni eliphezulu lika-P (1,00 mL). Ngakho-ke, izimpande zamazambane zihlanganiswa kakhulu yi-black dot fungus lapho izitshalo zicindezelwa kokubili ukuntuleka nokudlulela kwe-nitrogen, i-potassium, ne-phosphorus kunalapho izitshalo zinezinga eliphezulu lesakhi ngasinye esitholakalayo.
Ukunisela amazambane ngemva kokuba iziqongo zomile kwandisa imvamisa nobukhulu bokulimala kwe-tuber nge-anthracnose okungenani izikhathi ezimbili. Ubukhulu bokutheleleka kwe-tuber kanye nenani lezilimo eziyizigaxa ezithintekile ekugcineni kwe-stolon bekuphakeme kakhulu ezitshalweni ezitshalwe ezitshalweni eziniselwe phezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nalezo ezitshalwe phansi. Amanzi ehla enhlabathini adlala indima ebalulekile ekususeni i-inoculum esuka embewini ye-tuber enegciwane iye ezigabeni zamantombazane.
Ucwaningo selukhombisile futhi ukuthi ukwenzeka kanye nokuqina kwe-anthracnose kuyanda ezigabeni ezingageziwe uma zigcinwe ku-15. оC uma kuqhathaniswa no-5 оC nokuthi ukuvunwa kusenesikhathi nokugcinwa okomile kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kungavimbela noma kunciphise ukuvela kwesifo. Ukukhula kwamachashazi amnyama kuma-tubers kuyancishiswa lapho isivuno sipholiswa ngokushesha uma kuqhathaniswa nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezigcinwe ku-12°C izinsuku eziyi-10 ngaphambi kokupholisa. Nokho, kubalulekile ukomisa kahle isilimo ukuze ugweme ukukhula kokubola. Ngesikhathi sokugcina isikhathi eside, awukho umehluko phakathi kokuvela kwesifo ezigabeni ezigcinwe ezingeni lokushisa elingu-2,5°C noma elingu-3,5°C.
Izinketho zokuphatha i-Potato anthracnose kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuvimbela nokuvikela ngama-fungicides. Enye yezimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu zokulawula amabala amnyama ukunciphisa inani le-inoculum emhlabathini ngokusebenzisa umphumela wokujikeleza kwezitshalo, ukususa izinsalela zezitshalo, amazambane anokhula kanye nokhula. Ngisho nokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo okude kakhulu okunezitshalo ezingasindile (isibonelo, okusanhlamvu, ubhontshisi wesoya noma ummbila) akuwuthuthukisi ngokuphelele umhlabathi (njengoba i-anthracnose microsclerotia iphikelela ensimini iminyaka engu-8-15), kodwa yehlisa izinga le-inoculum. izikhathi eziningana.
Ukuvimbela nokunciphisa ukwenzeka kwalesi sifo, izinyathelo ezilandelayo kufanele zithathwe:
1. Ukukhethwa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezimelana kakhulu ne-anthracnose, ukugwema ukutshalwa kwezinhlobo ezingenwa kalula emasimini amagciwane;
2. Sebenzisa imbewu eqinisekisiwe evela kubakhiqizi abahloniphekile futhi uzihlole ensimini noma endaweni yokugcina ngaphambi kokuthenga. Gwema imbewu engcolile yezinhlobo ezisengozini kakhulu. Imithetho yesitifiketi sembewu yamazambane awo wonke amazwe njengamanje ayikuhlinzekeli ukulawulwa kwe-anthracnose, ngoba akukho ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kokulimala kwe-tuber kamama kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokutheleleka ezigabeni zamantombazane. Ucwaningo lwamasampula anezimpawu ze-anthracnose emaqabunga olwenziwa eRussian Federation kusetshenziswa indlela ye-PCR lubonise ukuthi kumasampula angama-96, ayi-5 kuphela athintwe i-anthracnose. Kodwa-ke, e-US nase-UK, izehlakalo ze-C. codes ezigabeni zembewu eqinisekisiwe zisukela ku-0 kuye ku-90% kanye no-0 kuye ku-75%, ngokulandelana. Imbewu engenisiwe engcolile iwumzila oyinhloko wokusakazeka kwe-anthracnose ezindaweni ezikhulayo zamazambane zeRussian Federation;
3. Hlola imbewu yezinhlamvu ze-C. coccodes ukuze kutholwe isidingo sokwelashwa kwesikhunta. Ungatshali imbewu enegciwane emasimini ahlanzekile, angenayo i-anthracnose;
4. Gwema ukutshala amazambane emhlabathini ongakhanyiwe kahle;
5. Ukulima okuyisisekelo kwe-moldboard kuqinisekisa ukufakwa okujulile kwezinsalela zezitshalo nokubola kwazo;
6. Ukufakwa kukamanyolo ngokulinganisela futhi okwanele;
7. Gwema ukuchelela ngokweqile, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezingenwa kalula nezivuthwa sekwephuzile. Ukunciphisa inani lamanzi phakathi kwe-desiccation nokuvuna
8. Ukuvuna izilimo eziyizigaxa ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ngemva kokususwa kweziqongo;
9. Ukupholisa okusheshayo kwamazambane endaweni yokugcina. Ukulawula okunembile kwezinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama ngesikhathi sokugcina. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye ne-condensation ebusweni be-tuber kunomthelela kulesi sifo;
10. Inhlabathi biofumigation nomquba oluhlaza lwesinaphi esimhlophe, oilseed radish, clover sweet, sorghum-sudanese hybrid.
Uma ukutheleleka kwe-anthracnose kutholwa ezitshalweni nasemhlabathini, ama-fungicides akhethekile kufanele asetshenziswe.
Ukuvikelwa kwamakhemikhali ngokumelene ne-anthracnose. Isikhathi eside, ama-fungicides ane-azoxysrobin ayewukuphela kwendlela yokulawula ukutheleleka kwenhlabathi. Ezivivinyweni eziningi, i-azoxystrobin esetshenziswa ngokufakwa emiseleni ekutshaleni noma ekufakweni enhlabathini ibonise ukwehla okungaguquki kwe-anthracnose. Lokhu kwelashwa kubambezela ukukhula kwalesi sifo amasonto ambalwa. Njengoba i-azoxystrobin iyi-strobirulin (i-FRAC class 11), ekwazi ukubangela ukumelana, i.e. ukumelana kwama-pathogens kuwo, lesi sihloko sixoxwa ngenkuthalo, ikakhulukazi ngabakhiqizi abancintisanayo bemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo.
Njengamanje, uhlu lwama-molecule asebenzayo asetshenziswa ngokumelene ne-anthracnose lunwetshwe kakhulu, njengoba sekucacile ukuthi ukutheleleka kwamazambane kwenzeka phakathi nenkathi yokukhula. I-Azoxystrobin isalokhu iyibhentshimark yokusebenza ngempumelelo ngokumelene ne-anthracnose, kodwa akufanele isetshenziswe ngaphezu kokukodwa ngesizini. Uhlu olubanzi kakhulu lwama-fungicides ngokumelene ne-anthracnose lubhaliswe e-USA (Ithebula 14). Amalungiselelo amaningana anconywa ukuthi afakwe emseleni ngesikhathi sokutshala, okunye - ngesikhathi sokukhula kwamazambane.
Ithebula 14. Uhlu lwama-fungicides okulawula i-potato anthracnose, e-USA, 2021
I-Black Dot | I-azoxystrobin | 6.0 – 15.5 fl oz Aframe, Equation, Quadris Flowable, Satori, Willowood Azoxy 2SC | 14 |
Ungeqi ukufakwa okukodwa kwesibulala-sikhunta se-Group 11 ngaphambi kokushintshana nesibulala-sikhunta esiqukethe indlela ehlukile yokwenza i-Quadris kanye nesihloko kukhona Ama-fungicides eqembu le-11.
I-Quadris Opti iyiqembu le-11 kanye nesibulala-sikhunta seQembu M. |
|
I-azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil | 1.6 pt Quadris Opti | 14 | |||
I-azoxystrobin + i-difenoconazole | 8.0 - 14.0 fl oz Quadris Top | 14 | |||
i-pyraclostrobin | 6.0 – 9.0 fl oz Isihloko se-SC, EC | 3 | |||
I-azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr | 0.34 – 0.5 oz Elatus/1,000 ft irowu | 14 | Gcoba emseleni lapho utshala ngebhande elincane phezu kwesiqeshana sembewu. Ungeqi ku-9.5 oz/a njengohlelo lokusebenza olunebhande. | ||
I-chlorothalonil | 1.0 – 1.5 pt Bravo Weather Stik Echo 720 1.5 – 2.25 pt Bravo Zn, Equus 500 Zn 0.875 – 1.25 lb Echo 90DF, Echo Zn 0.9 – 1.36 lb Bravo Ultreus DF82.5G |
7 7 7 7
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Qaphela imikhawulo yokusetshenziswa kwesizini kulebula. Ukulebula kwamanje kokusetshenziswa konyaka kwemikhiqizo ye-chlorothalonil e-Wisconsin kuvumela imikhiqizo engu-11.2 lb ai/a Bravo (Ultrex, WeatherStik, Zn) (ukubhaliswa kwe-W! okukhethekile kuphelelwa isikhathi ngomhla ka-12/31/17, nokho ukuvuselelwa kuyaqhubeka - sicela uhlole uhlu olukhethekile lwe-DATCP ) kanye nemikhiqizo ye-Echo engu-16.0 lb (Zn, 720, 90DF) (ukubhaliswa kwe-WI okukhethekile kuphelelwa yisikhathi ngomhla ka-12/31/20). | ||
i-chlorothalonil + cymoxanil | 2.0 pt Ariston | 14 | Faka isicelo ngezikhathi eziyisi-7 kuye kweziyi-14. Sebenzisa isikhathi esifushane lapho izitshalo zikhula ngokushesha futhi izimo zezifo zinzima. | ||
I-cymoxanil + famoxadone | 6.0 - 8.0 oz Ama-Tanos | 14 | Ilawula ezinye izifo eziningi. Landela imihlahlandlela yokuphatha ukumelana. Okokucindezela. | ||
i-difenoconazole | 5.5 – 7.0 fl oz Ilungu lePhalamende Eliphezulu | 14 | Landela imihlahlandlela yokuphatha ukumelana. | ||
Ichashazi Elimnyama (cot.) | fenamidone | 5.5 – 8.2 fl oz Isizathu | 14 | Ilawula ezinye izifo eziningi. Landela imihlahlandlela yokuphatha ukumelana. Okokucindezela. | |
i-fluopyram + pyrimethanil | 11.2 fl oz Luna Tranquility (ukucindezela) | 7 | Qala ukufaka ama-fungicides ngokuvimbela. Ungafaki ngaphezu kuka-43.6 fl oz/a ngesizini ngayinye. Ungafaki izibulala-zinambuzane ezingaphezu kwezi-2 ngokulandelana kwazo ngaphambi kokuzungezisa ngesibulala-sikhunta eqenjini elihlukile. | ||
i-fluoxastrobin | 0.16 – 0.24 fl oz/1,000 ft irowu i-Aftershock, Evito 480 SC 6.1 – 9.2 oz/a Tepera | 7 | Landela imihlahlandlela yokuphatha ukumelana. | ||
i-flutolanil | 0.71 – 1.1 lb Moncut 70-DF | ekutshaleni ukwelashwa | Fafaza ngokuqondile ngokulinganayo nxazonke noma phezu kwesiqephu sembewu ngebhande lama-intshi angu-4 kuya kwangu-8 ngaphambi kokumboza ngenhlabathi. | ||
I-fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin | 4.0 - 8.0 fl oz Priaxor | 7 | Faka izicelo ezingeqile kwezi-3/a ngesizini ngayinye. Faka isicelo esingeqi ku-24.0 fl oz/a ngesizini ngayinye. | ||
mancozeb | 0.4 – 1.6 qt Dithane F45 4F 0.5 – 2.0 lb Dithane M45, Penncozeb 80WP, Penncozeb 75DF 1.0 – 2.0 lb Dithane 75DF Rainshield NT, Koverall, Manzate 200 75DF |
3
3
3 |
Ungeqi isamba esingu-11.2 lb ai/a EBDC ngesikhathi sokukhula ngasinye. Izinto ze-EBDC zifaka i-maneb, i-mancozeb, ne-metiram. | ||
I-mefentrifluconazole | 3.0 - 5.0 fl oz Provysol | 7 | Ungafaki ngaphezu kuka-5.0 fl oz (0.13lb) / ihektare ngalinye ngohlelo lokusebenza ngalunye. Ungabi owesilisa ngaphezu kwezicelo ku-5.0 fl oz noma | ||
Ichashazi Elimnyama (cot.) | 5 izicelo ku-3.0 fl oz ngehektare ngayinye ngonyaka. | ||||
i-metaconazole | 2.5 - 4.0 oz Quash | 1 | Ungafaki izicelo ezingaphezu kwezi-4 ngesizini ngayinye. Ungenzi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezilandelanayo ezingaphezu kwezi-2. Ungafaki ngaphezu kuka-16.0 oz/a ngesizini ngayinye. | ||
i-penthiopyrad | 10.0 - 24.0 fl oz Vertisan | 7 | Ungeqi ku-72.0 fl oz/a ngonyaka. Sebenzisa okulandelanayo okungadluli koku-2 kwe-Vertisan ngaphambi kokushintshela kwisibulali sikhunta esinendlela yokwenza ehlukile. | ||
I-pydiflumetofen + i-fludioxonil | 9.2 - 11.4 fl oz Miravis Prime | 14 | Ukucindezela ichashazi elimnyama kuphela. Ungafaki izicelo ezingaphezu kwezi-2 ngonyaka ngendiza. Ungafaki ngaphezu kuka-34.2 fl oz ngehektare ngalinye ngonyaka. | ||
I-pyraclostrobin + metiram | 2.0 – 2.9 lb Cabrio Plus | 3 | Ungafaki izicelo ezilandelanayo zowesilisa ezingaphezu kwezi-2 ngaphambi kokushintshana nesibulala-sikhunta esingelona Iqembu 11 noma i-M3. | ||
i-zoxamide + chlorothalonil | 32.0 - 34.0 fl oz Zing | 7 | Ungenzi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezilandelanayo ezingaphezu kwezi-2 ngaphambi kokushintshana kwenye indlela yesenzo. |
Kusukela ngo-2023, izithako ezisebenzayo i-pentachloronyltrobenzine, mandipropamide + difeconazole, azoxystrobin + mancozeb, mefentrifluconazole + pyraclostrobin nazo zivunyelwe e-United States. Iningi lezidakamizwa ezisohlwini nezinhlanganisela zama-molecule asebenzayo zivunyelwe ukusetshenziswa e-Russian Federation ngokumelene nokulimaza sekwephuzile kanye ne-alternaria.
Ukubhujiswa okukhulu kwe-anthracnose kusetshenziswa isivikelo sesikhunta akufinyelelwa. Lokhu kuchazwa umjikelezo wokukhula owandisiwe wesifo kanye nokutheleleka okuvela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene: ngembewu, inhlabathi namaconsi ahamba emoyeni. Ukwehliswa kwezinga lokukhula kwesifo kubalulekile-ngesigamu (Ithebula 15). Isivuno samazambane endaweni ephezulu yezolimo ezinkethweni ezingcono kakhulu zokuvikela (ukwelashwa kwamaqabunga ngaphezu kokufaka emhlabathini) kukhuphuka ngo-11-14 t/ha.
Ithebula 15. Umphumela wokusetshenziswa kwenhlabathi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamaqabunga kwama-fungicides ekuthuthukisweni kwe-anthracnose, izinhlobonhlobo zaseRusset Burbank, 2012
Ukwelashwa IF=umsele F=foliar @20 cm | Umkhiqizo / ha | I-Visual % ichashazi elimnyama- ngezansi ngo-10cm wesiqu | C. amakhodi ng DNA/g isiqu samazambane | Ikhiqiza i-MT/ha |
Quadris IF | 639 ml | 48.2ab | 1798.4ab | 58.68ab |
Quadris IF Mancozeb F | 639 ml 2.2 kg | 41.0 b | Ngo-900.7 i-cd | 62.52 ukuze |
I-Quadris IF Priaxor F | 639 ml 426 ml | I-31.7 c | I-622.1 d | Ngo-54.36 bc |
I-Priaxor IF | 480 ml | 50.0 ukuze | 1542.6ab | Ngo-54.72 bc |
Priaxor IF Bravo ZN F | 480 ml 1135 ml | Ngo-35.8 bc | Ngo-892.6 i-cd | Ngo-54.60 bc |
Priaxor IF Quadris F | 480 ml 639 ml | Ngo-25.6 i-cd | 1332.0ab | 60.00ab |
Isihloko se-Priaxor IF F | 480 ml 426 ml | Ngo-28.3 i-cd | Ngo-789.0 i-cd | 65.76 ukuze |
Quadris IF Fontelis F | 639 ml 1.1 kg | I-22.7 d | I-595.1 d | Ngo-56.04 bc |
Vertisan IF Quadris F | 1646ml 639 | 35.5 | 2249 ukuze | Ngo-57.36 bc |
Akuhlanjwanga | 51.5 ukuze | 2072.9 ukuze | I-51.96 c |
Imininingwane etholakele (bheka Ithebula 15) ikhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi ukufaka ama-fungicides e-strobirulin emhlabathini lapho kutshalwa akwanele ukulawula lesi sifo. E-Canada, baze bacabangele le nketho njengengalungile; ama-fungicides ngokumelene ne-anthracnose esekelwe ku-azoxystrobin, i-difeconazole, i-mefentrufluconazole, i-benzovindiflupyr ne-fluopyram + pyrimethanil inconywa ukuthi isetshenziswe kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhula. Eqinisweni, ukuphumelela ngokumelene ne-anthracnose kufanele kucatshangelwe lapho kwakhiwa uhlelo lokuvikela amazambane ezifweni ezinkulu (i-alternaria, ukulimaza sekwephuzile) ngesikhathi sokukhula, futhi kuye kwasungulwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-azoxystrobin ekugcineni kokukhula. Isikhathi sonyaka, isonto ngemuva kwe-desiccation, sinikeza umphumela obalulekile owengeziwe wokunciphisa ukulimala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Ukuvikelwa kwezinto zokutshala ku-anthracnose okwamanje kuqashelwa njengokungasebenzi, nakuba izinto eziningi ezisebenzayo (i-difeconazole, i-pyraclostrobin, imidazole) cishe zibhubhisa ngokuphelele inoculum ebusweni bezilimo eziyizigaxa (umdwebo 16). Kodwa lokhu kuwumphumela wesikhashana, imiphumela yawo ikhishwa ngokushesha ngokwanele, kungakapheli inyanga, ngoba ukutheleleka kutholakala ngaphakathi kwezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Ekugcineni. Ubungozi be-anthracnose bukhule kakhulu muva nje; leli pathogen seliyinkinga ebalulekile kwezomnotho. Ukhunta i-Colletotrichum coccodes, ebanga i-anthracnose kumazambane, iwuhlobo olunzima lokulubikezela kanye negciwane elitholakala kalula. Ukutheleleka kokuqala kufiphele. Ukutheleleka kwezimpande, ama-stolons, iziqu ezingaphansi komhlaba nangaphezulu komhlaba kuqala ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokukhula, kodwa izimpawu ezisobala noma izimpawu ze-pathogen (microsclerotia) zingase zingabonakali ezitshalweni kuze kube yisikhathi sokuvuna. Ama-Tubers atheleleka ensimini kodwa angase angabonisi izimpawu ezisobala kuze kube maphakathi nesikhathi sokugcina. Lesi sifo asisakazeki kusuka ku-tuber kuya ku-tuber ngesikhathi sokugcina isikhathi eside, kodwa izifo ezifihliwe ngesikhathi sokugcinwa ziqala ukuvela futhi ukulimala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kuyanda. Izimpawu ze-anthracnose ngokuvamile azicacile, zingacacile futhi zihambisana nokushwabana kwe-Alternaria, i-verticillium, ukuguga kwemvelo, ukuntuleka kwe-nitrogen, njll. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlonza lesi sifo nokuhlola imiphumela yaso ngesikhathi sokukhula kunzima. Umthelela walesi sifo ezivunweni zamazambane awukwazi ukubikezelwa, njengoba izimo nezici eziningi, kokubili i-biotic ne-abiotic, zithonya ubungozi be-pathogen.
I-anthracnose kunzima ukuyilawula. I-inoculum iphila emhlabathini iminyaka eminingi, isakazeka ngezinto zokutshala nemvula, futhi ukutheleleka kuyaqhubeka phakathi nenkathi yokukhula. Ukujikeleziswa kwezitshalo okude kakhulu akuwuhlanzi umhlabathi, futhi ukushintshanisa amazambane nezitshalo ezifana nezaqathi, ubhontshisi, u-anyanisi, lwesinaphi esiphuzi kanye nembewu ye-rapeseed (yembewu) kuholela ekuqongeleleni kwezifo. Ukunciphisa umonakalo ovela ku-anthracnose kungenzeka ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni okugcwele kwezinyathelo zenhlangano nezobuchwepheshe kanye nokusetshenziswa okufanelekile, okulwa nokumelana ne-azoxystrobin kanye nenani lezinye izinto ezisebenzayo ze-fungicides. Kufanele kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile izinga lokutheleleka kwembewu kanye nenhlabathi. Kubalulekile ukuvundisa ngokugcwele nangokulinganayo namazambane amanzi, ukuvuna ngokushesha futhi ugcine kahle imikhiqizo, ukucindezela ngokuphumelelayo ukhula, kuhlanganise namazambane okhula, futhi usebenzise umphumela we-fumigant womquba oluhlaza. Ama-fungicides asebenzayo kufanele ashintshwe futhi asetshenziswe lapho kutshalwa emhlabathini, engxenyeni yokuqala yenkathi yokukhula nangaphambi kokuvuna. Indlela yamakhemikhali yokulawula i-anthracnose kufanele ibe ingxenye eyisibopho yohlelo lwesimanje lokuvikela amazambane.
Umbhali wendaba: Sergey Banadysev, udokotela wesayensi yezolimo. Isayensi, "Doka-Gene Technologies"