Ekuqaleni kukaJuni, ezingxenyeni eziningi zeRussia, ukutshala amazambane kwase kuqediwe. Kunesikhathi sokuhlaziya: yiziphi izimbewu amapulazi asekhaya athembela kuzo nokuthi lokhu kungathinta kanjani isivuno esizayo.
Yini esiyitshalayo?
Ngokusho koMnyango Wezolimo waseRussia Federation, izinhlangano ezifuywayo ezifuywayo ezifuywayo kanye namapulazi zikhula minyaka yonke endaweni engamahektare angama-300. Ngakho-ke, okungenani amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-900 embewu asetshenziselwa ukutshala emkhakheni wezimboni. Yini engashiwo ngekhwalithi yalezi zinto zembewu? Kususelwa olwazini olusemthethweni, hhayi okuningi.
Njengoba umphathi omkhulu wePotato Union u-Alexei Krasilnikov ephawula, isabelo sebhubesi (cishe ama-95%) sokunikwa isitifiketi senzalo namuhla senziwa yiFederal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" (cishe ama-5% - "iRosselkhoznadzor"). Ngasikhathi sinye, ngokwezibalo zeRussian Agricultural Center, ubuningi bezinkontileka eziphothulwe yile nhlangano nabakhiqizi bezimbewu yizinkontileka zokwamukelwa kwensimu. Ngokwesicelo sabalimi bezimbewu, ongoti besikhungo Sezolimo saseRussia benza ucwaningo lwensimu yokuhlwanyela imbewu ukuze kutholakale ubumsulwa bayo bezinhlobonhlobo, ukhula, izehlakalo zezifo kanye nomonakalo wezinambuzane.
Lokho wukuthi, imbewu engahle ihlolwe ngaphambi kokuvunwa. Umnyango uthola izicelo ezimbalwa kakhulu zokuqinisekiswa kwamazambane ezinhlanyelo (ngokusho kuka-2017, kwanikezwa izitifiketi zokuvuma ukuthi imbewu ifinyelela kumathani ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu). Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ukuba khona kwesitifiketi sokuvumelana kwe-batch yembewu akuqinisekisi isivuno esikhulu kumthengi. Ngokusho kuka-Alexei Krasilnikov, eRussia, izitifiketi zokufaniswa zivame ukukhishwa hhayi ngokudla okuphezulu, kepha ngamazambane wokwenza okwesibili ngisho nokwesithathu, okungeke kulithinte kamuva inani lezimali ezinkulu. Ukuqhathanisa, emazweni aseYurophu, amazambane wokuzala wesithathu awenqunyelwe ukuthi kutshalwe.
Sekukonke, njengoba umqondisi omkhulu wePotato Union yeRussian Federation egcizelela, isabelo sezimpahla zembewu eziqinisekisiwe namuhla asidluli kwi-10-15% yenani eliphelele lamazambane asetshenziswa abakhiqizi bezimpahla zokutshala.
IZINHAMBANO EPHAKAMENI LABAHOLI ABAPHAKATHI KWABASEBENZI: IZIQHAMUKA NEZINDLU
Ngokwezibalo zePotato Union yeRussian Federation, ama-70-80% ezinto eziqinisekisiwe zezimbewu ngamazambane ezinhlobonhlobo eziyishumi eziholayo. Cishe isilinganiso esifanayo sigcinwa ekwabelweni kokufika kwendawo. Kokwishumi okuphezulu njengamanje kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela ezikhethiwe zaseRussia: Nevsky noLuck. Futhi bobabili baziwa kakhulu ngabatshali bamazambane okungenani iminyaka engama-20.
Kungani abakhiqizi basebenzisa isethi elinganiselwe yezinhlobo futhi bavame ukukhetha izimpumelelo ezingenisiwe?
Ake siqale neqiniso lokuthi abalimi bamazambane banokukhetha. IRejista "Yombuso Yezimpumelelo Zokuzala Okuvunyelwe Ukusetshenziswa" yaseRussia iqukethe izinhlobo ezingama-435, iningi lazo elasekhaya. Ngokusho kwenhloko yesikhungo sokuzalela i-V.I. Lorkha Evgeniy Simakov, akukho lutho olungalungile ngokuba khona kwezinhlobo zangaphandle emakethe yethu.
Abantu baseRussia kufanele basebenzise impumelelo engcono yokukhethwa komhlaba. Kepha izinhlobo ezifuywayo zidinga ukuthatha isikhundla esivelele emikhakheni yaseRussia ukuze kwandiswe ezomnotho nezokudla ezweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba usosayensi eqiniseka, izinhlobo zesimanje zaseRussia ngokwemingcele eyinhloko (isivuno, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo nezimfanelo zabathengi zezilimo eziyizigaxa) azikho ngaphansi kwezinhlobo zangaphandle ezithandwa kakhulu.
Kuliqiniso, kude nabo bonke abakhiqizi bezolimo bakulungele ukwamukela leli qiniso njenge-axiom.
Abanye babo banesiqiniseko sokuthi izinhlobo zaseRussia ezikulesi sigaba, uma zikwazi ukukhombisa imiphumela ephezulu, kusesimweni esifanelekile sezindawo zokuhlola.
Abantu abaningi bakhetha izimpumelelo zokukhethwa kwamanye amazwe ngoba zisetshenziswa kubo emashumini eminyaka adlule futhi baqinisekile ngokuphumelela (izinhlobo zinikeza isivuno esiqinisekisiwe, amazambane abukeka ngendlela ebukekayo, amaketanga wokuthengisa azimisele ukukuthenga). Engxenyeni ebalulekile yamapulazi, ukusekelwa kwezolimo zezolimo okuhlinzekwe ngabamele bezinkampani zembewu zakwamanye amazwe kumakhasimende abo kubaluleke kakhulu. "Ochwepheshe beza, bazolawula ukutshala, inqubo yokulima," kusho uPavel Starchenko, umqondisi weMeridian LLC (esifundeni saseChelyabinsk).
- Ngokubona kwami, leli qiniso libonisa ukuthi umphakeli uzimisele ngedumela lenkampani yakhe futhi unomphumela womphumela. Ngeke avumele "konakalisa uphawu".
Iningi lamapulazi lenqaba izivivinyo nezinhlobo zaseRussia ngenxa yokuntuleka kobuchwepheshe obukhulayo. UMikhail Gorbunov, isazi sezolimo sasePotato Kurgan, uphawula ukuthi inkampani yakhe iqala ukusebenza nezinhlobo ezifuywayo, kepha akekho ongabikezela ukuthi bazohlala isikhathi eside kangakanani kulayini wepulazi. Kwibhizinisi lezentengiso, umphumela unqumile: izinkomba zokukhiqiza, ukuthengiswa.
Kodwa ukuthi ipulazi lizokwazi yini ukukhulisa amazambane aseRussia ngendlela yokuthi lidale amandla aphelele ezinhlobonhlobo akwaziwa: akukho datha ezinhlelweni zobuchwepheshe bezolimo. Isibonelo, kufanele wakhe uhlelo lokuvikela isitshalo, ungazi ukuthi amelana kangakanani nemiphumela yokubulala ukhula. Kulokhu, ukusebenza nezinto zakwamanye amazwe kulula kakhulu: umenzi uhlala ekhombisa lolu lwazi encazelweni ehlukahlukene, ngaleyo ndlela aqede ubungozi obungadingekile.
Kunezinye izizathu ezivimbela ukukhula kokuthandwa kwezinhlobo ezifuywayo ezweni. Okubaluleke kakhulu kulokhu ukungabikho kokukhangisa kanye nokuntuleka kwembewu yempahla.
U-Evgeny Simakov uphawula ukuthi kusukela ngonyaka ka-2000, imakethe yamazambane yaseRussia isivele yashintsha ushintsho oluphindwe kathathu wembewu yokukhethwa kwamanye amazwe, ngenkathi isethi yembewu yasekhaya ingashintshile. Ukuqhubekisela phambili izimpumelelo zaseRussia, kuyadingeka ukukhiqiza amanani abalulekile we-elite, okungenakwenzeka ukuhlela kuphela ngemizamo yezikhungo zesayensi.
Namuhla, ososayensi uqobo bazama ukushintsha lesi simo ngesilinganiso sezinhlobo ezifuywayo nezangaphandle emakethe. Ngakho-ke, kulo nyaka embukisweni "wePotato" eChebbary, ummeleli weLorch All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farm umeme abakhiqizi abanesifiso sokuhlola imbewu yezinhlobo ezintsha zasekhaya.
Labo abanentshisekelo batholakala ezifundeni eziningana zaseRussia, phakathi kwazo izikhulu zaseChuvashia naseBashkiria; IVologda, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Kaluga, iTyumen, i-Astrakhan, izifunda zaseBelgorod; I-Krasnoyarsk Territory nabanye. Mhlawumbe ngesizini ezayo lolu hlu lusazokwanda, futhi inkinga izosuka endaweni efile.
UPOTATO WOKUKHETHA IBELARUSIAN
Ngo-2017, amathani ayi-5 embewu yamazambane angeniswa eRussia evela eRiphabhlikhi yaseBelarus - engaphansi kancane kweNetherlands. Intshisekelo yabakhiqizi baseRussia ezinhlobonhlobo zokuzalanisa kweBelarusian iyaqondakala: ngemuva kwezikhathi ezimbili ezinezithelo, kepha ezingaphumeleli ngokwezezimali, akuwona wonke umuntu owayekwazi ukuthenga imbewu emazweni aphesheya kakhulu.
Yiziphi ezinye izinzuzo zezimpumelelo zokukhethwa kweBelarusian?
Ngokusho kuka-Aleksandr Kuznetsov, umqondisi omkhulu we-Ustyuzhensky Potato SPSCK, izinhlobo zaseBelorussia zilwa namagciwane (kufaka ne-virus ye-Y) futhi, hhayi ngokuqhakaza, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlobonhlobo zakwamanye amazwe, zinciphisa isivuno lapho kutshalwa imbewu yesithathu neyesithathu ukukhiqizwa kwesine.
U-Alexander Kuznetsov uphawula ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zase-Belarusian (i-Breeze, iManifesto, i-Lel, iSigodlo, njll.) Zizibonakalise ngokwazo emhlabathini waseRussia futhi zifunwa abathengi abavela ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zezwe. Kungenzeka ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze kuzoba nezinhlobonhlobo ezinjalo; ukuthembisa imikhiqizo emisha kuvela unyaka nonyaka. Yize ngaphambi kokuphindaphinda ezweni lonke, inhlobonhlobo ngayinye kufanele ihlolwe iminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu kwisimo saseRussia. Ngalesi sikhathi, angakhombisa izici ezingakhangiswa ngabazalisi.
Kepha ubunzima obukhulu bokuvimbela lezi zinhlobonhlobo ekugxileni eRussia ukungabi bikho kwemithombo emsulwa yokwenziwa okuphezulu. Abakhiqizi abaningi bezolimo bathenga imbewu hhayi ezikhungweni zocwaningo, kodwa emapulazini angasese, futhi umphumela awuhlangabezani nokulindelwe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngakho-ke, isithunzi sezinhlobonhlobo sonakaliswe kabi.
Kodwa-ke, le nkinga ayihlukile kunembewu yaseBelarusian.
UMAKHILEKA EMAKHONWENI KULULA
Abakhiqizi bezithelo zamatafula baseRussia bayithola kuphi imbewu?
Izindawo eziningi ezinkulu zezolimo namapulazi amaningi aphakathi nendawo abe ngamakhasimende ezinkampani zezimbewu zakwamanye amazwe namahhovisi awo omele eRussia iminyaka eminingi. Ingxenye encane yembewu yembewu yokuzalwa okuphakeme inikezwa emakethe izinhlangano ezikhethekile zesayensi.
Ngokusho kweVNIIKH kubo. ILorha, njengamanje eRussia iyaqhubeka nokukhiqizwa kwamazambane wangempela wembewu wezikhungo eziyi-12 zesayensi. Inani eliphelele lezinto zangempela zembewu ezikhiqizwe yizo esigabeni sama-super-super-elite (izinhlobo ezifuywayo) ziyahlukahluka phakathi kwamathani ayizinkulungwane ezintathu nezintathu ngonyaka.
Amapulazi embewu nawo ayabandakanyeka ekuthengisweni kwezinto zezimbewu, kufaka phakathi amabhizinisi angama-156 (kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 2018) asedlulise uhlelo lokuzitifiketi lokuzithandela lwesiKhungo Sezolimo saseRussia Ekukhiqizweni Kwamazambane Embewu futhi afakwa kwiRejista.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi akubona bonke empeleni abakhiqiza amazambane embewu, kunoma yikuphi, aqinisekisiwe. Ngokusho kwePotato Union, eyahlaziya imininingwane ngezitifiketi zokuvumelana kwezikhalazo ezakhishwa yiZolimo Yezolimo esikhathini esisuka ku-2014 kuya ku-2017, amapulazi embewu ayi-60 asuka kwiRegista yalesi sikhathi sonke awatholanga isitifiketi esisodwa samazambane. Ngasikhathi sinye, amapulazi angama-27 angafakiwe kwiRejista akhiphe izitifiketi ezingama-495 eminyakeni efanayo.
Lo akuwona unyaka wokuqala lapho ochwepheshe bezimboni bebelokhu bethi imakethe yamazambane enziwe eRussia ihlala “ingwevu”: inqwaba yembewu ngaphandle kwemibhalo iyathengiswa, futhi impahla enjalo yembewu iyadingeka. Imbewu engenazo izitifiketi ithengwa kalula, ngokwesibonelo, ngabakhiqizi bamazambane okuqala athengiswa asuka ezifundeni zaseningizimu.
Yize amabhizinisi ezolimo, ebhekene nomsebenzi wokuthola isivuno sekhwalithi ephezulu nokuwugcina isikhathi eside, ihlobene nendaba yokuthengwa kwembewu ngokukhulu ukucophelela.
“Kusetshenziselwa ukuthenga izimpumputhe, manje sekufundiswa okuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu, - kuchaza umqondisi we-LLC "Meridian" uPavel Starchenko. - Sikhetha okokusebenza okuqinisekisiwe, sifunde imininingwane emayelana nenqwaba kwiwebhusayithi yeRosselkhoznadzor, futhi sithumela ongoti bethu kumthengisi ukuze babekhona ngesikhathi se-bulkhead. Uma utshala imali yakho ekukhiqizeni, wonke ama-ruble ayabalwa. "
Kepha kwabanye abathengi, ukutholakala kwezitifiketi akuhlali kusisekelo esanele sokuthenga.
U-Chief Agronomist wePotato CJSC UMikhail Gorbunov uphawula ukuthi lapho ekhetha umphakeli wamazambane wembewu yokulima, okokuqala udonsela ukunakekela ekusondeleni komthengisi wembewu kulowo owasungula. Kepha ukuthengwa kwembewu kusuka emapulazini enzalo amancane akwaziwa ukuvula ama-labistem abo kuqaphela kakhulu. Ngokwalokho akubonile, ababaningi ochwepheshe kulo mkhakha eRussia, ngakho-ke kuba khona amacala njalo lapho impahla etholakala ngenxa yokusakazwa kwe-microclonal, yize ingathwali umthwalo wegciwane, ilahlekelwa ezinye zezakhiwo ezinhlobonhlobo.
IZIMBANGELA ZOKUGQIBELA
Yini okudingeka yenziwe ukwenza imakethe yamazambane enziwe eRussia ibe sobala ngokwengeziwe, impucuko?
Abatshali abaningi bembewu abaxoxwa abahleli lapho bebhala lokhu kusebenza babona indlela yokuqinisa imithetho yokukhiqiza nokuhlola ikhwalithi yento yembewu.
Kwenziwa amazwi ajwayelekile ku-GOST 33996-2016 entsha “yembewu yamazambane. Izimo zobuchwepheshe nezindlela zokunquma ikhwalithi ”, eqale ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 1, 2018.
Kuyo, ngokusho kwabanye ochwepheshe, amanani avumelekile ezinkomba zokutheleleka kwesitshalo ngezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye namagciwane asasebenza kakhulu.
IGOST entsha yamazambane embewu inika umlimi wembewu amathuba amaningi wephutha. Siya ngokufuna kancane kwikhwalithi yembewu yaseRussia. Lokhu kubi kumthengi, kusho ochwepheshe.
Abaningi bakhuthaza ukwethulwa kokugunyazwa okuqinisekisiwe kokuqukethwe kwembewu.
"Ngifuna ukwenza isitifikedi sokugunyazwa yimbewu yembewu hhayi ngokuzithandela, - kusho umqondisi omkhulu we-Ustyuzhensky Potato SSSK Alexander Kuznetsov. - Ukuvuselelwa kwembewu kuyinto ethokozisayo epulazini, futhi kumele sinciphise ubungozi bokuthenga ngokuxosha abakhiqizi abangathembekile emakethe. "
Umbono ofanayo usekelwa yinhloko yesikhungo sokuzalela se-All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming eqanjwe ngoLorkh, u-Evgeny Simakov. Ngokubona kwakhe, ukuqinisekiswa okuphoqelekile kwembewu yamazambane, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuzokhulisa isabelo sembewu esezingeni eliphakeme emakethe yamazambane embewu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuzoqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa okuhle kwemixhaso ukuze ithengwe ngempahla abakhiqizi.
Kunzima ukubikezela ukuthi ngabe iziphathimandla ziyavumelana nalokhu kucatshangelwa. Kepha kusobala ukuthi imakethe yezambane lamazambane idinga ushintsho, futhi kuya ngokuncika kakhulu kubo ukuthi ingabe abakhiqizi bezithelo zamatafula baseRussia bangakhula yini umkhiqizo ohlangabezana nezidingo zebhizinisi eziqhubekayo zokuqina zekhwalithi yomkhiqizo namavolumu wokuqoqa.