USergey Banadysev, Udokotela Wezesayensi Yezolimo, iNhloko yohlelo lokukhethwa kwe-SSC "Doka - Genetic Technologies"
Amathuba nokusebenza kahle kokucubungula ama-tubers wembewu ngesikhathi sokutshala njengamanje kukhula kakhulu. Uma ngaphambili umsebenzi oyinhloko wokulanda kwakuwukulawula ibhungane lezinkukhu, i-wireworm neColorado amazambane, manje ochwepheshe banalo lonke ithuluzi lamathuluzi ukulawula izifo ezijwayelekile kakhulu, ukutheleleka kwenhlabathi kokulimala sekwephuzile, i-anthracnose ne-pitium, ama-aphid ngesikhathi sokuqala kwezitshalo, i-stem nematode, kanye nokuphuculwa kwenhlabathi. microbiota. Ngaphezu komanyolo omkhulu, kungakuhle ukuthi kwethulwe izakhi zokulandela umkhondo nezinye izinto ezikhulisa uhlelo lohlelo lwezimpande nezitshalo ngesikhathi sokutshala kanye nokufakwa.
E-Russian Federation, kuvunyelwe ngokusemthethweni ukusebenzisa izithako eziyi-18 ezisebenzayo ze-fungicides, izithako eziyi-10 ezisebenzayo zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane kanye namalungiselelo ama-microbial ayi-15 ngomsebenzi wefungicidal ekwelapheni imbewu. Izinto ezisebenzayo (d.v.-va) ziyasebenza ukulwa nezifo zamazambane: azoxystrobin, mefenoxam, fludioxonil, cyproconazole, benzoic acid, benomyl, pencycuron, thiabendazole, penflufen, prothioconazole, difenoconazole, thiram, imazalil, fluxaprodaxil. Emithini yezentengiselwano engama-30, okufana kakhulu ne-Prestige (imidacloprid + pencycuron, Bayer) - 8 neMaxima (fludioxonil, Syngenta) - 5. Kunemikhiqizo eminingana enama-d.v amabili. fungicides: azoxystrobin + mefenoxam (Uniform, Syngenta), penflufen + prothioconazole (Emesto Silver, Bayer), ngokuhlangana nesibulali zinambuzane - acetamiprid + fludioxonil + cyproconazole (King Combi, Agro Expert Group + Dyentafiodeloxaminoxamolol ), iprodione + imidacloprid + difenoconazole (Idicum, Agasti). Ukwakheka okucebe kakhulu kwediphozithi yesikhunta (Shchelkovo-Agrokhim) yi-fludioxonil + imazalil + metalaxil. Zonke ezinye izidakamizwa ziyingxenye eyodwa noma zihlangene nesibulali zinambuzane. I-Azoxystrobin (Quadris, Syngenta) futhi ngokuhlangana ne-mefenoxam (Uniform, Syngenta), i-fluxapiroxad (Sercadis, BASF) inconyelwa ukulinywa kwenhlabathi emseleni, ezinye izinto - zezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Uhlu lwama-insecticides avunyelwe ekwelapheni ama-tubers ngesikhathi sokutshala nawo ubanzi kakhulu. Kuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa nge-.v. acetamiprid, imidacloprid, bifentrin, fipronil, clothiadinine, thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprol, oxamil. Kulesi simo, i-teflutrin (Force, Syngenta) ne-oxamyl (Vidat, Corteva) zinendlela yokuqamba yamabhokisa futhi ingeniswa emhlabathini. Izidakamizwa ezisele zisetshenziselwa kangcono ukugqoka, kusisombululo esifanayo ngama-fungicides. Isibuko sokusebenza kwama-insecticides izinambuzane ezithwalwa inhlabathi, ibhungane lamazambane leColorado kanye ne-aphid ezitshalweni. Ukucindezelwa kwe-Nematode - ukuqokwa kweVidat nematicide. Ukwemukelwa okuhlukile ku-scoop yoluma akuveziwe kwimithetho, yize umkhuba wakamuva ukhombisile ukuthi ukusebenza kwezinto ezahlukahlukene okulwa nalesi sinambuzane esiyingozi akucishe kufane. Amalungiselelo amaningi okuhweba asuselwa ku-imidacloprid, i-clothiadinine ne-thiamethoxam. Kunezinhlobo zezinto ezimbili: imidacloprid + fipronil (Tabu Super, Agasti), imidacloprid + bifentrin (Imidalit, Ukhozi FM), thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprol (Voliam Flexi, Syngenta).
Ukuqinisekiswa kwama-fungicides wemvelo eRussian Federation kufaka amasiko aphilayo nama-metabolites wezinto ezithile ezingamagciwane ezivela kuhlobo lweBacillus, i-Pseudomonas kanye nesikhunta esihlwabusayo esivela kuhlobo lweTrichoderma. Sekukonke, ohlwini lwe-2020, amalungiselelo wezohwebo angama-15 abhalisiwe kumazambane. Kusetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni yi-Extrasol (Bisolbi-Inter), okuthi ngasizathu simbe kudlulise irejista njengomanyolo we-microbiological. Us ngo-2017-2019 Ukusebenza kwazo zonke i-biofungicides zesimanje kumazambane kuhloliwe. Idatha yokuhlola ethokozisayo kakhulu futhi ewusizo etholwe efanele ukubhekelwa eceleni futhi izoshicilelwa.
Ukucutshungulwa kwembewu kufanele kuhlinzeke ngokuvikeleka ezifweni nasezinambuzane, kukhuthaze ukukhula kwezitshalo nentuthuko futhi kube nobuchwepheshe obenele, obakhelwe enqubeni ejwayelekile yokukhiqiza. Ukusebenza kahle kunqunywa ukukhethwa okulungile kwemithi kanye nekhwalithi yokucubungula. Ukukhethwa kwezidakamizwa kufanele kusekelwe ekuqondeni ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe kwamafungicides athile futhi kucatshangelwa izinkinga ze-phytopathological zeqoqo elithile lezinto zokutshala kanye nensimu ethile. Ikhathalogi esemthethweni yombuso yezibulala-zinambuzane zaseRussia Federation iqukethe inani elilinganiselwe lemininingwane. Ama-fungicides okugqoka nezilimo eziyizigaxa abhalisiwe njengama-ejenti wokulawula i-rhizoctonia, uqweqwe ovamile kanye notwayi lwesiliva. Akukho lwazi ngokusebenza kwemithi elwa ne-anthracnose, isilonda sokubola okunamanzi, ukutheleleka kwenhlabathi okulimaza sekwedlule isikhathi, okuye kwasakazeka eminyakeni yamuva. Kunezibonelo zesenzo esibanzi kakhulu sesenzo. Ngakho-ke, i-TMTD yakudala ibekwe njengekhambi lokulwa nokulimala okwedlulele, i-rhizoctonia, utwayi, ukubola kwamagciwane okumanzi ne-fusarium. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukungabaza okunengqondo, ngoba yi-Idicum yesimanjemanje yesithathu kuphela enesenzo esilinganayo - i-oosporosis, i-phomosis, i-anthracnose, i-fusarium, i-rhizoctonia.
Ukukhangiswa kwabakhiqizi bezibulala-zinambuzane kunikeza imihlahlandlela ethile, kepha ukucophelela kulokhu akuqinisekisiwe. Izinto zokukhangisa kufanele zihlolwe ngokuzithiba nangokuqonda, kucatshangelwa izintshisekelo zokuhweba zabakhiqizi bemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo. Yebo, zinikeza ubufakazi obanele bezinzuzo zemithi ethile kunabancintisana nabo ezimweni zokukhiqiza zangempela. Kunomthetho wensimbi onjalo: umuthi wakho uhlala unqoba, ophikisana naye uhlala ehlulwa. Kuzinto zenkampani encintisanayo, kunjalo, konke kufana nse. Isibonelo sokuqhathanisa okuphathelene nobubanzi bomsebenzi wezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene sikhonjiswa kuThebula 1.
Kubalulekile ukwazi inhloso yangempela nokusebenza kwayo yonke imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo etholakalayo. Imininingwane enjalo emazweni athuthukile amazambane akhulayo avuselelwa minyaka yonke yizikhungo ezizimele zochwepheshe futhi zilethwe emphakathini womsebenzi. Ngokusemthethweni, mahhala futhi kusengaphambili. Njengoba umbuso unganikezi insizakalo efanayo kubakhiqizi bezolimo eRussia Federation, imininingwane etholakala kwizikhulu zakwamanye amazwe kanye nemithombo evulekile kufanele ithathwe njengesisekelo, ehlelelwe imali etholakalayo. Ithebula 2. izindlela zobuchwepheshe ezijwayelekile zokulawulwa kwezifo ezivamile zamazambane, kukhonjisiwe izibulala-zinambuzane ngokucindezela okusebenzayo okuqinisekisiwe kwamagciwane athile. Lokhu ulwazi olufanele, ngoba iningi lama-molecule asebenzayo wamakhambi ahlanganiswa isikhathi eside. Kepha amanye ama-molecule asebenzayo asanda kwenziwa: i-sedaxan, i-penflufen, i-fluxopyroxade, evule amathuba amasha okuphathwa kwamagciwane ngesikhathi sokutshala.
Ithebula 2. Izindlela zobuchwepheshe zokulawula izifo zamazambane (ngokusho kukaM .Fiers et al., 2011)
Pathogen / isifo | I-Sevo-board | Umanyolo | Tillage | Ukufika kwamakhaya, ukunakekela, ukuhlanza | Imithi yokubulala izinambuzane |
I-Colletotricum coccode / Anthracnose | Ukujikeleza iminyaka engaphezu kwemi-5 ukolweni, i-clover ebomvu, i-alfalfa, ummbila, amakhambi, umusi, ibhali. Ngokwengevu ophuzi, i-soy, ukudlwengula | - | Ukulima imfucumfucu engama-30 cm | Gwema ukucindezelwa kwamanzi, Ukuhlanza kuqala. Isikhawu esifushane phakathi kokuqala nokuvuna | Inikeza i-oxamyl. Unciphisa imazalil, tolchlofos-methyl, mancozeb, thiabendazole, fenpichonil kanye ne-priconazole. |
I-Fusarium spp./ Fusarium bola owomile | Ukujikeleza okungaphansi kweminyaka emithathu nge-clover ebomvu | Humus | Ukusebenza okuncane | Ukuhlanza kuqala. Isikhawu esifushane phakathi kokuqala nokuvuna, ukuphulukiswa kwenxeba | I-Chlorine dioxide, i-fenpichonil, nengxube ye-thiabendazole, imazalil ne-mancozeb |
IHelmintosporium solani / isibazi sesiliva | Ukujikeleza okungaphansi kweminyaka emithathu nge-clover ebomvu | - | Ukusebenza okuncane | Ubuncane bendawo esezingeni eliphansi, ukufika sekwephuzile nokuvunwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi | I-Mankoceb, imazalil, i-prochloraz, i-chlorine dioxide, i-thiabendazole, i-fenpichlonil, i-benomyl |
I-Phoma ssp./ Fomose bola eyomile | - | - | - | Ukuqala phezulu, ukumba emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-8оС | 2-aminobutane, thiabendazole |
I-Phytophthora erytroseptica / Pink Rot | Uneminyaka emithathu ubudala ngebhali kanye ne-clover ebomvu | - | - | Izinkambu ezakhiwe kahle, ukuhlanza lapho kubanda, ukunciphisa ukulimala | I-Mephenoxam, i-metalaxyl |
I-polyscytalum pustulans / Oosporosis, uqwebu oluningi | - | - | - | Ukuhlanza kuqala | Imazalil, prochlorase (isidoda), 2-aminobutane, benomyl, thiabendazole |
I-Phytium ultimum / Ukubola okunamanzi okubolile | - | Humus | - | Izinkambu ezakhiwe kahle, ukuhlanza lapho kubanda, ukunciphisa ukulimala | IMephenoxam |
I-Rhizoctonia solani / Rhizoctonia, umhlanga omnyama | Ukujikeleza okuncane kweminyaka emithathu, ngaphandle kukakolweni, i-alfalfa, i-ryegrass | Humus, utshani | Ukucutshungulwa okuncane, ukusika kwe-autumn crest | Ukutshala okungashonile (5 cm), okushisa kwenhlabathi okuphezulu, indawo yokutshala ephansi. Isikhathi esifushane phakathi kokufaka nokumba. | Kuthuthukisa i-1,3 - dichloropropene, aldicarb ne-epoprofos. Iyanciphisa i-pencicuron, chlorine dioxide, thiophanate methyl, flutolanil, mancozeb, benomyl, thiabendazole |
Sclerotinia sclerotinium / isikhunta esimhlophe | Iminyaka engama-4-5 ubudala inezinhlamvu zikakhokho, amakhambi okusanhlamvu | - | - | Ukuphathwa kokunisela | I-Fluazinam, iprodion, thiophanate methyl, boscalide |
I-Spongospora subterrania / Powdery scab | Iminyaka eyi-10, akukho dlelo | Ungasebenzisi ubulongwe benkomo | Musa ukulima entwasahlobo | Ukufika kungekudala emasimini akhanyelwe kahle | I-Fluzulfamide, iFluazinam, iMancocheb |
I-Synchytrium endobioticum / umdlavuza wamazambane | Ukujikeleza ende kakhulu (iminyaka engama-30) | Urea | - | Izinkambu ezakhiwe kahle | Urea = urea |
I-Verticillium dahliae / I-Vilt, verticillez | Ukujikeleza kweminyaka emithathu nge-clover ebomvu, utshani baseSudan, okusanhlamvu. Ngaphandle kokuthi umusi, uphizi, i-oats, ilayisi, iminti, ukhula | Ammonium lingosulfate | Ukusebenza okuncane | - | I-Mancozeb, i-capan, i-metam, i-1,3-dichloropropene, i-chloropicrin |
I-Clavibacter michiganensis ssp.sepedonicus / Ukubola kweringi | Ngama-anyanisi | - | - | - | I-Flusulfamide |
I-Pectobacterium, Dickeya / Blackleg | Ukukhishwa inyumbazana, ukushintshana nokolweni, i-clover ebomvu, ibhali noma utshani | Musa i-nitrogen e-overestimate | - | Amasimu akhanywa kahle, Ukususa izitshalo ezithelelekile, ukuvikela ukulimala kwesikhumba | I-Chlorine dioxide, i-aluminium ne-bisulfite usawoti, i-Casugamycin, i-streptomycin, i-soda benzoate, i-benzoic acid, i-oxychloride yethusi + i-metalaxyl noma i-cymoxanil, i-metiram, i-clorocin, |
Ama-Streptomyces scabies / Isigaxa esivamile nesinetha | Nge-lupine, i-rye yasebusika noma i-seradella. Ngaphezu koshukela, izaqathe, amadlelo | I-Potassium, phosphorus, ammonium lingosulfate, umquba, umquba wezingulube | Ukukhululeka okujulile | - | Inikeza i-oxamyl. Kuqukethe i-boric acid, i-streptomycin, i-daminoside, i-DL-ethionine |
Ditylenchus umbhubhisi | - | - | - | - | U-Oxamyl |
I-Globodera rostochiensis / I-cyst-forming nematode | Ukujikeleza isikhathi eside ngethanga, ifilakisi, i-rye, i-oats ne-ryegrass | Phosphorus | - | Vimbela ukusakazeka kokutheleleka ngale ndlela | I-Dimethyl disulfide, 1,3-dichloropropene, aldicarb, foxime, A.C. 92100, 64475, carbofuran |
Meloidogine ssp./ Gallic nematode | Isifutho esimnyama / Ngaphezu kwezitshalo eziningi - izaqathi, beet, i-red clover, okusanhlamvu, imbuzi | - | - | - | Zonke izinto zokugcwala kwenhlabathi |
Emazweni e-EU, kunenqubo engaguquguquki yokutshala ezolimo okusebenzayo, ngisho nokuhlukumeza ngokweqile. Amaqembu amaningi wezinto ezisebenzayo asevele akhishiwe noma ahoxisiwe ekusakazweni ngumthetho, ukusetshenziswa kwawo akuvunyelwe nakancane. Ngakho-ke, uhla lwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo yokuvikela imbewu selunciphe kakhulu, njengoba kungabonwa esibonelweni saseJalimane (Ithebula 3). Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi uma lokhu kuqhubeka, khona-ke ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezinamandla, okubandakanya impela amazambane, kuzofanele kumise eNtshonalanga Yurophu, ngoba kuya ngokuya kuba nzima ukuthola isivuno esiphezulu nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ngasikhathi sinye, izici ezimbili zohlelo lokuvikela olusetshenziswe ku-EU ludinga ukunakwa kakhulu: 1) ama-fungicides asuselwa ku-hydroxide yethusi (inqubekela phambili yeFunguran, inqubekela phambili yaseKuprozin, kukhona okufanayo eRussia, eKoside 2000, ngokwesibonelo) kunconywa ukuthi isetshenziselwe ukulawula i-bacteriosis; 2) amalungiselelo we-microbiological asetshenziswa ngenkuthalo. Ngokumelene namagciwane Izinhlobo ze-Pectobacterium ne-Dickeya, amalungiselelo evunyelwe ethusi angaxubana namanye ama-fungicides. Ithusi liyinto yokulandela umkhondo futhi lapho ukucubungula izilimo eziyizigaxa kutholakala ezitshalweni kusenesikhathi sokukhula. Izitshalo zamazambane ezihlinzekwe kahle ngethusi ziyamelana kakhulu nesithwathwa. Ukumuncwa kokuqala kwethusi kunomthelela ekwakheni i-lignin, okungukuthi, ukwakheka okusheshayo kwe-rind eqinile.
IThebula 3. Ukunikezwa kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela amazambane ngesikhathi sokutshala, eJalimane, ngo-2020
Ngo-2020, abalimi bamazambane baseJalimane banethuba lokusebenzisa amalungiselelo ayi-10 okufaka izicelo kuzilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nenhlabathi lapho betshala. Ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo zalezi fungicides kanye nezikhuthazi zokukhula, ukwenziwa kusebenze kanye nokujwayelekile kwe-microbiota kuhluke ngokuphelele kokwaseRussia. Imikhiqizo yezentengiso ivele nezinye izinhlobo zohlobo lweBacillus, hhayi iSubtilis, kepha iVerezentis, Atrophaeus, Amyloliquefaciens. Ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa, i-consortia yama-bacterium aphikisayo aseqalile ukusetshenziswa ngenkuthalo. Ngakho-ke, umkhiqizo we-SOLANOVA® uqukethe ingxube elinganisiwe yezinhlobo ezi-5 zama-microorganisms: iTrichoderma, iPseudomonas, Bacillus, Streptomyceten, Mykorriza. Isimiso sokusebenza se-SOLANOVA - sandisa umsebenzi wezinambuzane zomhlaba, sondla izakhi zomzimba, sithuthukisa ukukhula kwezimpande, sisuse izinsalela ezifile emhlabathini, sikhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamahomoni ezitshalo nama-enzyme, sikhulisa ukubekezelelana kwengcindezi njengosawoti, ukushisa, isomiso, amakhaza, njll. umphumela: ukhula enhlabathini nasezimpandeni futhi uncintisane nama-pathogen ezimpande zokuphuma njengokudla okuyisisekelo, kwakha isithiyo esincanyana endaweni yezimpande yezinye izinambuzane, kuqinisa ukumelana kwezitshalo, ukwakheka kwama-antibiotic ezitshalo, kunomthelela ekukhuleni okuzinzile kwezitshalo ezincane.
Isethi ephelele kakhulu yezindlela zokuvikela izinto zokutshala amazambane e-United States (Ithebula 4,5). Kuze kube manje, kunemikhiqizo esetshenziswa kabanzi ngohlobo lwempuphu (uthuli) yokwelashwa kwembewu ngesikhathi sokusika. Isimo sokuzola ebungozini bokulimala sekwephuzile, ukubola okomile kanye ne-bacteriosis esakazeka ngesikhathi sokusika kanye neqiniso lokusika okuphelele kwendabuko kwezinto ezinkulu e-USA kuchazwa ngokunembile ngokusebenza kahle kwemikhiqizo yempuphu yezentengiselwano ngokuya nge-mancozeb ne-pencycuron. Ngale ndlela, ama-30% awo wonke amazambane embewu eNgilandi acutshungulwa nge-pencycuron powder (iMonceren, iBayer) kuze kube ngonyaka odlule. Okwe-eching liquid, ngaphezu kwezinto ezaziwa e-Russian Federation, i-sedaxan, i-hydrogen peroxide, kanye ne-bacteria Chenopodium quinoa saponins kuvunyelwe ukusetshenziswa. ISedaxan ifakiwe kwisibulala-magciwane sokuqala sezinto ezine emhlabeni yiSyngenta, e-USA ebizwa ngeCruiser Maxx Vibrance Potato Ultra enenhlanganisela yedvv fludioxonil + difenoconazole + sedaxan + thiamethoxam. I-Russian Federation imemezele ukuqala kwenqubo yokufaka umuthi ofanayo kwirejista yamazambane; kuma-beet kashukela, ama-Vibrans anokwakheka okufanayo asevele avunyelwe (Ithebula 4).
Ithebula 4. Amalungiselelo wokucubungula amazambane wembewu (imithetho esemthethweni yase-US yango-2020)
1 - isilinganiso = inani lomkhiqizo ophelile okufanele usetshenziswe, lapho i-oz fl (ounce) = 28,4 g, cwt (isikhwama) = 45,4 -50,1 kg.
2 - x - umkhiqizo ovunyelwe isiko nezifo; blank = umkhiqizo ongahloselwe isifo esithile.
3 - Fusarium, Rhizoctonia solani kanye ne Helminthosporium solani. Lezi fungi zidala ukubola okomile, i-rhizoctonia kanye noqweqwe lwesiliva.
4 - kufaka u-Erwinia, imbangela yokubola okuncane kwegciwane kanye noClavibacter, imbangela yokubola kwendandatho.
Umehluko omkhulu kanye nenzuzo yohlelo lwaseMelika lokuvikelwa lapho utshala amazambane uyinto enkulu yokulinganisa yokulungiselela ukusebenza enhlabathini. Ngaphezu kwe-azoxystrobin, i-mefenoxam, i-fluxapiroxade namalungiselelo emvelo avunyelwe eRussian Federation, kuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa ezinye izinto ezisebenzayo ezivela eqenjini lama-strobirulins (pyraclostrobin, fluoxastrobin) kanye nama-anti-phytoplastic agents (cyazofamide, fluazines, flutolanil, oxathiopron). Inhloso yokulinyelwa kwenhlabathi ukuphathwa kwe-Rhizoctoniosis, ukulimala sekwephuzile, i-pitium ne-anthracnose (Ithebula 5).
Ithebula 5. Amalungiselelo enhlabathi wokutshala amazambane (imithetho esemthethweni yase-US yango-2020)
lapho ft ft, 30 cm; lb - lb, 0,4 kg; I-acre, i-0,4 ha.
Ukuhlaziywa kolwazi oluzimele kukuvumela ukuthi ukhethe izinto ezisebenzayo ezilungile lapho ucubungula impahla yembewu yamazambane. Uhlu lwama-pathogen alawulwa kwizilimo eziyizigaxa lukhawulelwe kwi-rhizoctonia, uqweqwe oluvamile nolwesilivere, i-fusarium ne-phomosis (isithombe 1). Imisele noma ukulinywa kwenhlabathi kukonke kwenza ukuthi kube nokwenzeka ukunciphisa isizinda esithathelwanayo se-rhizoctonia, i-anthracnose, okulimaza okuvamile sekwedlule isikhathi, ukulimala okungamanzi (okufunayo) nokubola okubomvana. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, amalungiselelo aqukethe ama-microbiological kanye nethusi ayasebenza ukulwa nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.
Into ngayinye esebenzayo ine-spectrum ethile yesenzo. Isibonelo, i-penflufen ne-sedaxan ziyasebenza ekulweni notwayi, kepha azisebenzi ku-fusarium, kuyilapho i-mancozeb ne-difenoconazole, kunalokho, i-prothioconazole ikhulisa kakhulu ukusebenza kokucindezelwa koqweqwe lwesiliva yi-pencycuron, njll. Uma i-Sercadis inconywa ukuthi isetshenziswe ngokwehlukana ezweni lethu, khona-ke e-USA, lapho kucutshungulwa imisele, i-fluxapiroxade ixutshwe ne-pyraclostrobin (i-Priaxor drug). Futhi lokhu akungenxa yokuthi akukho okumele kwenziwe, kodwa ngenxa yokwandisa ububanzi bezenzo, eyodwa i-d.v-va ayanele. Kunemikhawulo eminingi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa. Isibonelo, kungcono ukuphatha amazambane alele, angenawo ama-fludioxonil. I-Imazalil inconywa ukuthi isetshenziselwe kuphela ukugcotshwa kokuqala, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ingenye yezimbalwa ezivimbela i-oosporosis. Kunokwehluka ekuhlolweni kwemithi ethile emazweni ahlukene. Ngakho-ke, eYurophu, kunenkolelo yokuthi i-azoxystrobin namanye ama-strobirulin kufanele asetshenziswe kuphela enhlabathini, akufanele ingene ezilwaneni eziyizigaxa. E-USA, akukho mkhawulo onjalo, into isetshenziselwa zombili izilimo eziyizigaxa nemisele. Okuqaphelekayo ukuthi iWestern Europe, i-USA neCanada ngeke zishiye izintuli ngokuzayo, i.e. uthuli olulula lwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngaphandle kwezindleko zobuchwepheshe.
Kubalimi bamazambane baseRussia, umkhuba wokusabalalisa uthuli kwizilimo eziyizigaxa emgodini wokutshala yinto ekhohliwe ende futhi kulezi zinsuku ayamukeleki. Kunzima ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi emazweni athuthukile indlela enjalo yokucubungula isasetshenziswa kabanzi, futhi lokhu kungaphansi kweziqubulo eziphathelene nemvelo (Iqiniso, izimpushana ezisuselwa ku-penflufen, i-flutolonil ne-fludioxonil sezivinjelwe e-EU ngesandla, kuphela ngabafaka izicelo). Kunezindlela ezimbili ongakhetha kuzo ezimanzisa amanzi, uketshezi olunamanzi: kusengaphambili esibhedlela nalapho utshala ensimini. Ukukhethwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kunezinzuzo eziningi - imodi ethulile, isilinganiso esinembe kakhudlwana sesixazululo esisebenzayo, nokwanda komkhiqizo wokutshala amazambane. Kepha udinga ukuthi wazi ukuthi ukwelashwa okuseqophelweni eliphezulu esibhedlela kufafaza ngevolumu ephansi ngezinga lokugeleza ketshezi elisebenzayo elingadluli ku-3 l / t. Lokhu kungenzeka uma usebenzisa ama-disc sprayers (bona isithombe 2,3) kunoma iyiphi indawo ejikelezayo - ama-roller hopper, amatafula wokuhlola noma imishini ekhethekile yeMafex. Izinga lokugeleza koketshezi olusebenzayo olungu-10-20 l / t oluvunyelwe ngamazinga eRussia Federation esibhedlela kufanele lubhekwe njengolungenaphutha nolungamukeleki. Esimweni sesimanje se-phytopathological, ukuthambisa okubonakalayo kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kuyisimo sangamabomu sokuthuthukiswa kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Ngemuva kokwelashwa esibhedlela, ngisho nangaphambi kokutshala, amazambane kufanele omiswe. Uma ukwelashwa kusendleleni yokutshala, amazambane afakwe emanzini anosawoti alayishwa ayiswa ensimini, kepha kwaqala ukuna nokutshala kumile okungenani usuku - thela ngokushesha imbewu bese uyomisa. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izinkinga zokuhluma nokubola kwezilimo eziyizigaxa akunakugwenywa.
Ukusingathwa kokufika kusathandeka. Asikho isidingo sokufudumeza, nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezomile, akunankinga yokusebenzisa imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo kwisitoreji futhi azikho izingcuphe zokutshala okubambezelekayo ngemuva kokucubungula, hhayi ama-tubers kuphela, kepha futhi nenhlabathi iyacutshungulwa. Kepha inqubo yokutshala iyancipha, isibalo semishini ethintekayo siyanda, kunobunzima ekubukeni ukugeleza okungafani njalo nokusingathwa kokulawulwa kwekhwalithi. Bonke abatshali bamazambane banamuhla banikezwa imishini yamathangi yokuvikela izitshalo. Kungcono ukusebenzisa ama-nozzles akhethekile anqabile, angavamisile ukuvaleka ngezixazululo zokumiswa okugxilile (bheka isithombe 4,5,6).
I-Syngenta inikela abathengi bama-ejenti ayo okwelapha ngezinsimbi zethusi (isithombe 4), eziklanyelwe ukusetshenziswa kokugxiliswa kokumiswa, zihluka ngokungaphansi kwamaphesenti angama-40 ekushenxeni okusuka ekuphepheni okujwayelekile ngethoshi elingasho lutho, ngenxa yomklamo wabo olula abawugqinsi futhi abadingi okokuhlunga. Zenziwe futhi zifakwe ngababili. Zombili lezi zilozizi zibekwe engxenyeni engama-45 ° kuya enezingqimba futhi ziqondiswe komunye nomunye: i-nozzle ene-angle engu-20 ° (ubude) wokucubungula amabhubhu awela efakiwe kufakwa kokuqala eceleni komtshali; i-sprayer ene-angle engu-70 ° (amafushane) yenzelwe ukucubungula phansi komsele, ngokwengxenye i-tuber, kanye nenhlabathi emboze umsele, kufakwa esakhiweni sesibili.
Ukufakwa okulungile kwama-sprayers kuvula i-planter kuboniswa esithombeni 7,8. Ukucubungula izilimo eziyizigaxa kuphela (isithombe 7) kulahlekelwa ukuhlobana kwayo, ngoba ngalelo lungiselelo lemibhobho, ukudilizwa kwesixazululo esisebenzayo kungenzeka. Ukusetshenziswa ngasikhathi sinye kwamakhambi ezilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nomhlabathi kusebenza kakhulu. Kulokhu, umlomo wombhobho olengiswe ngaphambili (1) ungafafaza u-1/3 woketshezi uqonde mpo emseleni ovulekile ngqo ngemuva komsele. Isigaxa samazambane bese siwela emseleni ophethwe uketshezi. Umbhobho wesibili one-angled (2) ungafaka u-2/3 ketshezi olufuthwayo enhlabathini ehambayo i-disc harrow emboza ngayo izilimo eziyizigaxa. Kunconywa nokuthi usebenzise inguqulo ye-hybrid, ukuze ingxenye yesisombululo esisebenzayo iqondiswe kwizilimo eziyizigaxa.
Isixazululo esisebenzayo samalungiselelo okuvikela nokuvuselela izilimo eziyizigaxa ngesikhathi sokutshala singaqukatha kuze kube yizinto ezinhlanu: i-fungicide, i-insecticide, ukulungiselela ama-microbiological, i-micronutrient fertilizer noma i-stimulator yokukhula, i-adjuvant. Ukukhethwa kwama-microfertilizers anezinga elifanele lezakhamzimba, ama-amino acid, izengezeleli zempande engcono kanye nokukhula kokuqala kubanzi. Imikhiqizo yezentengiselwano yesimanjemanje ithuthukile kwezobuchwepheshe futhi isatshalaliswa kahle, hlanganisa nesisombululo esinamanzi ngaphandle kwezulu. Ngenhlanganisela entsha ngayinye yezidakamizwa, lokhu kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngesibonelo sevolumu elincane. Ngokwehlukana, kunezelwa kuphela izinambuzane eziyimbudumbudu nama-nematicides, lapho kufakwa khona izinto zokufaka ezikhethekile ku-planter (isithombe 9,10). Umfakisicelo wethula futhi nokulungiswa kwe-anti-nematode biology yokulungiselela i-Nematofagin-Mikopro ngokuya ngesikhunta esidla ezinye, ngoba ngokwemininingwane yomkhiqizi akuhambelani nama-fungicides.
Izindleko zokugqoka nokuvuselela izinto zokutshala amazambane usebenzisa imishanguzo esebenza kahle kakhulu ziphindwe kabili kule minyaka emihlanu edlule futhi zafinyelela kuma-ruble / ha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-8-10. Le yingxenye yesithathu yohlelo lonke lokuvikela, yebo, ibalulekile, kepha ilingana nezindleko zethoni elilodwa lamazambane. Ukwanda kwemali engenayo ekucutshungulweni kuphakeme kaningi kunezindleko, futhi hhayi kangako ngenxa yokwanda kwesivuno, kodwa ngenxa yokwanda kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukucutshungulwa kwembewu yokuhlwanyela kufanele kwenziwe ngobuciko obukhulu. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezibolile nezilimele kufanele zisuswe kuqala futhi ngokucophelela okukhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho ukucutshungulwa kwazo kuzoholela ekwandeni okubukhali ekuthuthukiseni ukubola, ikakhulukazi lapho kutshalwa enhlabathini egcwele amanzi noma engashisi ngokwanele, okuzoholela ekwehleni kokuhluma kwamazambane. Ukudlula isilinganiso esifanele sokusetshenziswa, ukweqisa ngokweqile imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo akufanele kuvunyelwe, lawa ngamalungiselelo anzima, izitshalo zizobuyela emuva ekukhuleni isikhathi eside.Ukusetshenziswa kwe-fungicides ngesikhathi sokutshala akukwazi ukuqeda ukutheleleka kwangaphakathi ezilwaneni eziyizigaxa, isb. ukugqoka akukwazi ukufaka enye imbewu esezingeni eliphezulu.
Ekuphetheni, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukwelashwa ngezindlela zokuvikela nezinto ezishukumisa imbewu kuyisigaba esiphoqelekile nesisebenzayo sohlelo lokuvikela ekukhuleni kwamazambane amakhulu. Eminyakeni edlule, kube nenqubekela phambili ebonakalayo kule ndawo futhi amathuba amasha ayavuleka. Ukutadisha nokuhlaziywa kolwazi lwangaphandle kusivumela ukugqamisa izitayela eziyinhloko ekuvikelweni kwento yokutshala amazambane. Lokhu ukunwetshwa kwenani lamagciwane alawulwayo, ukuguquka kusuka kumuthi owodwa wezinto ezimbili kuya kwezidakamizwa ezine-ezine, ukuguquka kusuka kwizilimo eziyizigaxa kuye ekulimeni kwenhlabathi nokwakhiwa kwezinto ezintsha ezisebenzayo zokuvikelwa kwamakhemikhali nezemvelo. Ngokubheka ushintsho esimweni se-phytopathological, kufanele kunakwe kakhulu isikhumba se-silvery, i-pythium, i-anthracnose, ezinye izifo zenhlabathi kanye ne-bacteriosis. Ububanzi bamafungicides obutholakala eRussia Federation bungobesimanje futhi buhlukahlukene. Abakhiqizi abahamba phambili emhlabeni bemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo abajahile ukunikeza inhlanganisela yakamuva ye-d.v-v yeRussia, kepha amafemu aseRussia (Agasti, Shchelkovo-Agrokhim, Agro Expert Group) anemikhiqizo enhlobonhlobo i-Idikum, iDiphozithi neKing Combi abukeka efanelekile futhi ayancintisana. Mayelana nokulinywa kwenhlabathi ngama-fungicides eYurophu, kufaka phakathi iRussia Federation, kukhona okusilele emuva ezingeni laphesheya kwezilwandle, kepha kuningi okufanele kufundwe futhi kukhona okufanele kuthathwe njengesibonelo, indawo yokugcina eyinhloko yokwandisa ukusebenza kokuvikela lapho kutshalwa kulapha. Ngokuya ngokusebenza kwamalungiselelo we-microbiological, ubuholi, empeleni, bungezezinkampani zase-Europe. Uhlu lwe-biofungicides eRussia Federation lukhulu impela, kepha luncane ekwakhekeni kwezinto eziphilayo, ukusebenza okumenyezelwe ukulwa nezifo kudinga ukuqinisekiswa ngokwenza. Izindlela ezihlongozwayo zokulawula izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane zisebenzisa ama-fungicides aqukethe ithusi kanye ne-bactericides yezinto eziphilayo zibaluleke kakhulu futhi zihlobene.