Isihloko se-biologization yezolimo sesibe sesiphuthuma kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Sikhulume noSvetlana Nekoval, inhloko yelabhorethri yokuqoqwa kwezakhi zofuzo ku-All-Russian Research Institute for Biological Plant Protection (FGBNU VNIIBZR), mayelana nokuthi ososayensi baseRussia bawahlola kanjani amathuba okusungulwa kwezindlela zebhayoloji nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo emapulazini ezolimo asekhaya.
- Imakethe yomhlaba yemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo, ngokusho kwe- ngokwezibalo zochwepheshe, ikhula ngo-8% minyaka yonke. Singasho yini ukuthi lo mkhuba usebenza naseRussia?
Vele, minyaka yonke ukuthandwa kwemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo ezweni lethu kuyanda. Izizathu eziyinhloko zokukhula kwesidingo ukucekelwa phansi kwenhlabathi okungenakususwa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside kukamanyolo wamakhemikhali nemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo; umthelela omubi wamakhemikhali empilweni yomuntu, kokubili ngenxa yesenzo esiqondile nanjengomphumela wokuqongelelwa kwenani eliyinsalela yezibulala-zinambuzane emikhiqizweni yezolimo nasemanzini okuphuza; ukwehla kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane (ikakhulukazi, izinambuzane ezithutha impova). Ukwanda kwaminyaka yonke kwezindleko zemithi yokubulala izinambuzane nakho kuneqhaza ekuqiniseni lo mkhuba.
Kulo nyaka, intshisekelo yabalimi emikhiqizweni yezinto eziphilayo iphinde yagqugquzelwa ngokuqala ukusebenza komthetho "Emikhiqizweni yemvelo nakwizichibiyelo zezenzo ezithile zomthetho zeRussia Federation", ngokusho kwayo kuphela imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo zebhayoloji engasetshenziswa ukuthola imikhiqizo enobungani bemvelo nokuphakelayo.
- Ubani ongabizwa eRussia abathengi abakhulu bemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo (ekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo)?
Ngokusho kukaSergei Korshunov, uSihlalo weBhodi ye-Union of Organic Agriculture, awekho amapulazi eCentral Russia angasebenzisi izindlela zebhayoloji nganoma yiluphi uhlobo (ukufaka umanyolo ophilayo enhlabathini, ukusetshenziswa kwamalungiselelo we-microbiological, ukwethulwa komanyolo oluhlaza okotshani noma ukumboza izitshalo ekujikelezeni kwezitshalo). Ngiyavumelana naye.
Amapulazi amancane naphakathi nendawo kanye nezindawo ezinkulu zokulima bazama ukushintsha kusuka ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo besebenzisa izindlela zamakhemikhali kuphela zokulwa nezinto eziyingozi kuya ekuvikelweni kwezitshalo okuhlanganisiwe (ukuhlanganisa "ikhemistri" ne "biology"), kanti ezinye zazo - ziye kwezolimo eziphilayo.
Amapulazi amaningi amakhulu abeka eceleni izinkambu zokulinga nge-bio-farm ngeso lokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ephilayo ngokuphelele.
Inkinga enkulu ku-biology ilele ngqo ekukhuleni kwayo. Indlela yebhayoloji engenakubalwa ngakunye kwenkambu ngayinye nesitshalo ngasinye ayisebenzi. Kuyadingeka ukuqapha njalo isimo senhlabathi nokuqapha ukukhula kwezitshalo. Abalimi abaningi abakulungele ukwenza ukubonwa okunembile kwesimo sezitshalo zezitshalo noma abakwazi ukukucabanga.
vumela, ngakho-ke, basebenza ngokungaboni nge-biologization, bavame ukuthola imiphumela engagculisi. Futhi ngasikhathi sinye, amabhizinisi amaningi ezolimo abesebenzisa indlela ye-bio-izindlela ezinhlelweni ezihlanganisiwe zokutshala izitshalo zezolimo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-10, sebephumelele ngempumelelo le-biotechnologies.
- Abanye abakhiqizi bezolimo bathi ukucubungula ngemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo kubiza kakhulu kunokusebenzisa i-CCPP; ngaphezu kwalokho, zidinga umzamo owengeziwe nolwazi, futhi umphumela uvame ukuba mubi kakhulu. Kuyinganekwane? Noma ngabe konke kuya ngokuthi iyiphi inkinga ipulazi elizama ukuyixazulula?
Uma yonke imibandela kanye nemithetho yokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo ihlangatshezwa, khona-ke ukusebenza kahle kwezinto eziphilayo kuhambelana nezinga lokusebenza kwemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali, futhi izindleko ziphansi kakhulu. Yize kunjalo, okuningi kuncike ekutheni hlobo luni lwenkinga umnotho ozama ukuluxazulula. Sebenzisa izindlela zebhayoloji zokuvikela izitshalo, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kutholakala lapho kwenziwa izindlela zokuvimbela. Uma imikhiqizo yebhayoloji isetshenziselwa ukuwelapha, esimweni ngasinye kuyadingeka ukukhetha okuthile (ngokuya ngezinga lokusakazeka kwezinto eziyingozi) imithamo yemithi.
Isibonelo esicacile seqiniso lokuthi kungenzeka ukufeza imiphumela ephezulu nokunciphisa izindleko zokusebenzisa imishini yokuvikela wucwaningo lwelabhorathri yethu, olwenziwa ngokuhlanganyela nenkampani iBiotechagro, ukutadisha uhlelo lokuvikela ama-strawberry ezintweni eziyingozi, kufaka phakathi ama-nematode, kanye nokutadisha ukusebenza ukuvikelwa kwamazambane avulekile angaphansi ngamalungiselelo we-microbiological akhiqizwa yi-Biotehagro LLC.
Ngosizo lwemikhiqizo yebhayoloji esuselwa kuma-microorganisms wemvelo awusizo, sikwazile ukunciphisa ukukhula nokusabalala kwezinto eziphilayo eziyingozi ngaphakathi kwe-EPV, ukukhuphula (ukubuyisela) isivuno sezinhlobonhlobo zama-strawberry namazambane, ukunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokwenza izinyathelo zokuvikela; ukunciphisa umthwalo wezibulala-zinambuzane ezitshalweni nasemhlabathini, uthuthukise ikhwalithi yesitshalo.
Isibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane kukhuphuke nge-biosecurity
ngo-15%, kanti izindleko zemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo ziqhathaniswa nama-ejenti amakhemikhali zehle izikhathi eziyisithupha, futhi ngasikhathi sinye, isitashi kanye novithamini C okuqukethwe kwizilimo eziyizigaxa kwanda futhi nenani le-nitrate nitrogen lehla.
- Ngabe kunesidingo sokuqeqesha abakhiqizi bezolimo ukuthi basebenze nemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo?
- Ukuqeqeshwa kuyadingeka. I-agronomist enolwazi futhi enekhono kufanele isebenze ne- "biology"; ukucaca nokufika ngesikhathi kwazo zonke izinqubo kubalulekile lapha. Kuyadingeka ukulandela ngokuqinile izincomo zomkhiqizi futhi uhlanganyele kuphela nabaphakeli abathembekile.
Uma ipulazi lingenelisekile ngemiphumela yokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo, abakhiqizi noma abathengisi bavame ukusolwa ngokwehluleka. Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhungatheka komuthi owodwa kudluliselwa ekuvikeleni konke okuphilayo ngokwemvelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho kokusebenza nemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo, izazi zezolimo namahlathi zivame ukungazinaki izincomo zochwepheshe.
Amaphutha ajwayelekile lapho usebenza ne-biologics:
• Ukwehluleka ukuthobela imibandela yokugcina.
Kumalungiselelo aqukethe ama-microorganisms aphilayo, ukunamathela ngokuqinile ezimweni zokugcina kuyadingeka. Kunezinambuzane ezincane ezibekezelela izinga lokushisa lenyuka lifike ku- + 30 ° C, ikakhulukazi okwesikhashana. Kwabanye, kuyinhlekelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwamanye amalungiselelo, ama-microorganisms angaba ngesimo samaseli aphilayo futhi asabele kakhulu ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa, kokunye ahlala ngendlela yespore.
• Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa usuku oluphelelwe yisikhathi.
Imikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo, njengeminye imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo, umanyolo kanye nezikhuthazi zokukhula, zinempilo yazo eshalofini. Kuya ngesakhiwo esithile somkhiqizo webhayoloji. Amalungiselelo aqukethe amabhaktheriya ohlobo lwePseudomonas noma iRhizobium (lawa akamuva ayingxenye yama-bioinoculants asetshenziselwa ukwelapha imbewu ye-legume
izitshalo ukuvuselela inqubo yokulungisa i-nitrogen yasemkhathini), njengomthetho, zinempilo eshalofini emfushane - kusuka enyangeni eyodwa kuya ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa ngefomu eliwuketshezi.
Uma lawa malungiselelo ekhishwa esesimweni esomile noma izinto ezikhethekile - izivikeli - zengezwa kuketshezi lwesiko, khona-ke zigcinwa isikhashana. Imikhiqizo equkethe isikhunta sohlobo lwe-Trichoderma noma amabhaktheriya ohlobo lwe-Bacillus, i-Azotobacter neminye igcinwa isikhathi eside.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwilebula umenzi ukhombisa impilo yeshalofu emaphaketheni wangempela angavuliwe. Abantu abaningi abayinaki le mininingwane "engabalulekile", bekholelwa ukuthi iphakethe elivulekile lizoma unyaka ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yikhwalithi.
• Ukwelashwa ngemikhiqizo yebhayoloji ngokushesha ngemuva kwama-antibacterial agents noma ndawonye.
Imikhiqizo ye-Microbiological ingasetshenziswa ngasikhathi sinye neminye imikhiqizo yebhayoloji, kepha hhayi yonke hhayi yonke. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-ejenti wemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo (okuphuma kuma-streptomycetes) asetshenziswa ekukhuleni kwezitshalo njengezinto zama-antibiotic. Izidakamizwa ezintathu ezinjalo zibhalisiwe ezweni lethu: "Kasugamycin", "Fitolavin" ne "Fitoplasmin". Lezi zimali zisetshenziswa ngempumelelo ukulwa nezifo, wena
okuthiwa amagciwane ayingozi. Ukuhlanganisa impumelelo, kungaba yinto enengqondo ukwelapha izitshalo ngemuva kokubulala amagciwane ngama-antibiotic anjalo bese ufaka i-microflora enenzuzo emhlabathini. Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukwengeza ama-microbiological agents esitsheni esisodwa kuma-antibiotic kanye nokwelashwa okukodwa okuhlangene. Okokuqala, udinga ukuyiphatha ngento elwa namagciwane, bese kuthi ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-7-10 ufafaze izitshalo noma unisele inhlabathi ngomkhiqizo wezinto eziphilayo onamagciwane aphilayo. Futhi, akunakwenzeka ukwelashwa ngamalungiselelo we-microbiological ngasikhathi sinye noma ngokushesha ngemuva kokufafaza izitshalo ngamalungiselelo aqukethe ithusi.
• Ukwelashwa esimweni sezulu esishisayo phakathi nelanga.
Amagciwane amaningi akha imikhiqizo yebhayoloji, ngaphansi kwethonya lelanga eliqondile, ayafa noma anciphise ukuqina kwezinqubo zokuphila, ikakhulukazi ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezisebenza ngokuphila - ama-hormone, ama-enzyme, njll, okunikeza izidakamizwa izakhiwo eziwusizo. Cishe bonke abakhiqizi bancoma ukulungiselela isixazululo esisebenzayo nokwenza ukucubungula kusihlwa. Uma umuthi ufakwa enhlabathini, khona-ke kunconywa ukuthi ulinganise ungqimba lomhlabathi ngaphezulu ngeharika noma uwumboze ngomquba.
• Ukusetshenziswa kwesixazululo esidala sokusebenza.
Noma yisiphi isisombululo esisebenzayo semikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo noma umanyolo akufanele sigcinwe isikhathi esingaphezu kosuku. Uma kukhulunywa ngemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo, isikhathi esincishisiwe siyancishiswa futhi. Kungcono ukwenza kanjena: ulungiselele inani elidingekayo lesisombululo esisebenzayo - welapha isiko noma inhlabathi.
• Izinhlobo eziningi zamanzi ezilungiswayo kufanele zixutshwe ngaphambi kokuthululwa kusuka ekupakisheni kwasekuqaleni kufakwa esitsheni sokulungiselela isisombululo.
Lokhu kuboniswa kuwo wonke amalebula okupakisha. Uma ungakuxube, umane nje awutholi umphumela olindelekile ekwelashweni.
• Ukulungiswa kwesisombululo emanzini e-ice.
Imvamisa, izidakamizwa ziyahlanjululwa emanzini abandayo kakhulu (ngokwesibonelo, emthonjeni noma emthonjeni). Lokhu kwenza isixazululo singasebenzi kahle. Kungcono ukulungisa isixazululo esisebenzayo emanzini afudumele (noma ekamelweni lokushisa) emanzini.
• Ukunganakwa kwamazinga okusetshenziswa, isilinganiso semvamisa nezindlela zokusetshenziswa.
Izidakamizwa azihlali zisetshenziswa ngokusobala ngenhloso yazo. Abanye abakhiqizi bezolimo, ngisho nokubuka isilinganiso esifanele, bayishaya indiva imiyalo, enquma indlela yokusebenzisa nezinga lokusetshenziswa. Ngendlela, uma imiyalo ingananyathiswanga nomuthi (kufanele iphoqeleke kwelebuli yokupakisha, mhlawumbe ngokungeziwe eshidini elihlukile, elinofonti omkhulu), awukwazi ukuthenga umkhiqizo onjalo. Uma izingxenye zawo zenziwa ngokwephula (imiyalo enamanani okusetshenziswa iyimfuneko yokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo ebhalisiwe yokuvikela izitshalo nomanyolo), khona-ke akekho ongafakazela ukwakheka komuthi uqobo.
• Ukwelashwa okungazelelwe noma inani elanele lokwelashwa.
Akuyona yonke imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo esetshenziswa ngokuvikela, imvamisa ingasebenza kuphela lapho kuvela inkinga. Kepha uma usebenzisa imikhiqizo eminingi yemvelo (ngaphandle kokuxhumana nabo - ngokumelene nezinambuzane), isisekelo samasu ukuvimbela okuhlelekile.
- Ngubani owenza imikhiqizo yemvelo eRussia, lo msebenzi uqhubeke isikhathi esingakanani? Ngubani ovivinya ukusebenza kwabo? Ingabe le mithi iyancintisana ezimakethe zomhlaba?
I-Russia ingumholi womhlaba wonke ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo zebhayoloji, futhi izikhundla ezihola phambili kule ndlela zinqotshwe yisayensi yasekhaya ngenxa yentuthuko yososayensi bethu. Usosayensi owaziwayo waseRussia u-Ilya Mechnikov uthathwa njengomsunguli we-bio-direction kwezolimo, okwathi ngekhulu le-1940 wadala amalungiselelo okuqala ezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni ngokusekelwe ku-fungus ye-entomopathogenic (evimbela izinambuzane eziyingozi). Ngenxa yokubukelwa phansi kwale ndlela, ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwalesi sidakamizwa kuyekisiwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-1960, futhi ucwaningo emkhakheni wemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo lwaphinde lwaqalwa kuphela ngawo-60. Kakade ngawo-300, izidakamizwa eziningana ezifuywayo ezisuselwa kubhaktheriya zase zakhiwe ngasikhathi sinye (ophethe i-copyright manje sekuyi-software "Sibbiopharm"). Kamuva, intuthuko ngaleso sikhathi izidakamizwa zezifo zezitshalo zenziwa ngesisekelo sezinhlobo zemvelo zamagciwane kanye nesikhunta abaphikisana nama-phytopathogens. Umuthi wokuqala wokuhweba osuselwe kwisikhunta (owenziwe yi-All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR)) wawuyi-trichodermin, kanti owebhaktheriya wawuyi-planriz. Izikhungo zesayensi ezihola phambili zaseSoviet nezaseRussia emkhakheni wezolimo, i-microbiology kanye ne-virology zenze cishe wonke umugqa owaziwayo wemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo ezithatha indawo yama-analogue amakhemikhali. Namuhla, sibonga ukubekezelelana kwesayensi, ibhizinisi futhi, ngokwengxenye, umbuso, kubhaliswe eRussia imikhiqizo engaphezu kuka-XNUMX, kuyilapho kukhona engama-XNUMX kuphela emhlabeni.
Abakhiqizi abakhulu bemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo eRussia njengamanje yizinkampani zocwaningo nezokukhiqiza - kufaka phakathi i-NVP "Bashinkom", amagatsha eFederal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr", PO "Sibbiopharm", LLC "Biotechagro", SCHP "Niva" kanye neGK "Agrobiotechnology".
E-Krasnodar Territory, ukuphela komkhiqizi obhalisiwe wemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo yokuvikela izitshalo yi-LLC Biotehagro.
- Usivivinya kanjani isimo namathemba embonini ngokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo ezweni lethu?
Kukho konke, kunjalo, imboni inezinkinga eziningi: imithetho ayikenziwa futhi imigomo enquma ikhwalithi yezidakamizwa ayizange yenziwe ngokusemthethweni; awekho amalabhoratri ezifunda ahlola amalungiselelo wegciwane ngekhwalithi kanye ne-titer; umthwalo wezomthetho wabakhiqizi wekhwalithi yezidakamizwa awuchazwa; akukho ukulawula kombuso ekusebenziseni kwabo.
Ukubhaliswa kwemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo eRussia kuhlala kungumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi futhi obiza kakhulu, okuvimbela kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha. Ngenxa yalokhu, ivolumu yokukhiqizwa kweRussia kanye nesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwemithi ye-biopesticides nemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo kuncane kakhulu kunamazinga aseYurophu nawaseMelika.
Kuningi okusamele kwenziwe mayelana nokutholwe yisayensi: kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi, ukuxazulula izinkinga ngempilo yeshalofu emfushane yemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo kanye nokumelana kwabo nobuthakathaka kwemvula.
Noma kunjalo, nginesiqiniseko sokuthi ubunzima buzonqotshwa futhi imigomo ebekiwe izofinyelelwa. Ukwethulwa kwezindlela ze-biologization akuyona imfashini, kepha kuyisidingo sesikhathi, futhi eminyakeni ezayo le ndlela izokhula ngamandla.