S.A. IBanadysev, Udokotela Wezesayensi Yezolimo, i-SSC Doka-Gene
Ukuvela ngokushesha, ukukhula okusheshayo nokukhula kwezitshalo okufanayo kuyizidingo ezibalulekile zokuthola isivuno esikhulu samazambane. Ukuhluma kwangaphambili kusiza ukudala lezi zimo, kukhuthaza ukwakheka kwamahlumela amaningi kanye namahlumela kushubhu ngalinye, okwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinto zokutshala. Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kuyanconywa futhi ukuvimbela ukungena kwezifo nokulawulwa kokhula. Ngenxa yokuvuthwa kwangaphambili uma kungenzeka kutheleleke ngezifo, kungenzeka ukuthi kususwe iziqongo ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Umphumela wokugcina wesivuno esandayo sokuhluma ungafinyelela ku-10-15%, kusheshise isivuno sakuqala - kuze kube amasonto amabili, okunika imali ethe xaxa lapho kuthengiswa ngamanani aphezulu kakhulu. Izinzuzo zokuhluma kwangaphambi kokuhluma zisetshenziswa ngokugcwele lapho okokutshala kuguqulwa kube nezimo nezinhloso ezithile zokukhula. Ukulungiswa kwembewu yamazambane yokutshala kufanele kwenziwe kucatshangelwa ikhwalithi yayo, isimo somzimba, ivolumu kanye nokukhethekile kokukhiqizwa.
Isimo somzimba sento yembewu sibaluleke kakhulu, ngoba sinquma amandla nezici zokukhula kwamazambane ngenkathi yokukhula. Izitshalo ezivela kwizilimo eziyizigaxa zezinhlobo zeminyaka ehlukene yokuphila zikhula ngezindlela ezahlukene. I-tuber egugile iyahluma futhi ikhule ngokushesha, inikeze isivuno esiphakeme esiphezulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuphakama kwezitshalo, indawo yamaqabunga, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu kuncane, futhi inani leziqu nezilimo eziyizigaxa likhulu. Isikhathi sokusebenza kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zembewu sincike ezicini zofuzo zohlobo, inani lamazinga okushisa amuncwa yi-tuber kanye nengcindezi ngesikhathi sokulima nokugcina, okuthinta i-biochemistry yangaphakathi, ikakhulukazi isilinganiso nezinga lamahomoni. Izingcindezi ezisensimini ngokuyinhloko umswakama, izinga lokushisa, izakhi zomzimba, amagciwane kanye nokulimala kwemishini, ngesikhathi sokugcina - izinga lokushisa, umswakama, i-aeration, imihuzuko nezifo. Ukuguga komzimba kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kwenzeka sonke isikhathi sokukhula, kepha amaphethini ale nqubo aqondakali kahle futhi awakwazi ukubalwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izici eziningi ziyaziwa. Ngakho-ke, izilimo eziyizigaxa zezitshalo ezafa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, njengomthetho, zikhulile ngokomzimba. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu enhlabathi ezimeni ezomile enhlabathini enesihlabathi angakhuthaza ukuhluma kwembewu ngisho nangaphambi kokuvuna. Kodwa-ke, ukuguga okuyinhloko kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zembewu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokugcinwa ngenxa yokushisa okuphezulu nomswakama, imihuzuko, ukuxebuka, ukuguquguquka okubukhali kumingcele ye-microclimate, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezifo. Ngenxa yalokho, ngesikhathi sokutshala, izilimo eziyizigaxa zingaba kwesinye sezifundazwe ezinhlanu: i-dormancy ejulile, ukubusa kwe-apical, ukuhluma okuningi, ukuhlunga amagatsha, ukukhula zibe nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane - bona isithombe.
Indlela elula yokuhlola isimo sokuphila kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ukuqunjelwa kwecala. Kulokhu, isampula yezilimo eziyizigaxa ejwayelekile enesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu ayi-10 izinyanga ngaphambi kokutshala imila ebumnyameni ngamazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-20 оC. Ngemuva kwamasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu, umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo namaqoqo ubonakala enombolweni nasekubukekeni kwamahlumela. Inani lamehlo aqhakazile lisivumela ukuthi siphethe ngobudala bomzimba wezilimo eziyizigaxa nokulungiswa okudingekayo ukulungiselela ukutshala. Ukuqala kokuhluma kancane kusho isimo sokulala, kudingeka ukweqa izinga lokushisa ukuze kuhlume. Ukulungela okusheshayo ukuhluma - i-dormancy isivele iphukile, ekuqaleni kokuhluma, amazinga okushisa aphansi wokuhluma anele. Ukuhluma kwamehlo angaphezu kwama-50% kuyisici sento yokutshala endala yomzimba. Inani eliphezulu leziqu kufanele kulindeleke kulo, kepha ukulungiselela okunye nokuhluma kufanele kwenziwe emazingeni okushisa aphansi ukuvimbela imiphumela engafuneki yokuguga. Ukuhluma kwamehlo angaphansi kwama-50% kuyisibonakaliso sesifo sofuba esincane somzimba. Kungalindeleka iziqu ezimbalwa nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu, kepha ukulungiselela ukutshala kufanele kuqale ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
EJalimane, amaphuzu athuthukisiwe wesimo sokuphilayo samazambane amazambane - bheka itafula.
Ithebula. Ukuhlolwa kwesimo ngokomzimba wezinto zamazambane amazambane
Inkomba | kwezidalwa | Isikolo |
Uhlobo lomhlabathi | Kubanda, kumanzi | 0 |
Kufudumele, yomile | 5 | |
Isimo sezulu ngesikhathi sokutshala | Kubanda, kumanzi | 0 |
Isilinganiso | 10 | |
Kufudumele, yomile (izinsuku ezi-3 ngaphezulu kwe-25оC ku-crest) | 25 | |
Usuku lokuhlanza | Ekuseni | 0 |
Isilinganiso | 5 | |
Ukuhamba kwesikhathi | 10 | |
Usayizi we-Tuber | Okuncane | 0 |
Okukhulu | 5 | |
Ukushisa lokugcina | Ngezansi kwe-4оС | 0 |
Phakathi kuka-4 no-7 оС | 10 | |
Ngaphezulu kwe-7оС | 25 | |
Isitoreji Esikhulu Esikhulu | Kufika ezinsukwini eziyi-10 | 0 |
Izinsuku eziyi-10 kuye kwezingama-20 | 5 | |
Ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezingama-20 | 10 | |
Ukuhluma kwamehlo | No | 0 |
Zikhona | 5 | |
Kuqediwe | 10 | |
I-Rizctoniosis | No | 0 |
Middle | 5 | |
Unamandla | 10 | |
I-Turgor tuber | phezulu | 0 |
Middle | 5 | |
Okuphansi | 10 | |
Isikhathi sokuphumula sezinhlobonhlobo. | Okude | 5 |
Middle | 10 | |
Okufushane | 30 |
Uma iqoqo lamazambane lizuza kufika kumaphuzu angama-50 - izilimo eziyizigaxa zokutshala zincane kakhulu, amaphuzu angama-50-70 - izilimo eziyizigaxa zokutshala zineminyaka yobudala emaphakathi. Lapho inani elitholakele lidlula i-100, isimo somzimba asisihle ngokwengeziwe.
Izici ezibalulekile ezithonya ukuhluma kwamazambane:
- Ukushisa kwesitoreji 3-5 ° C kukhuthaza ukuhluma okuningi (ukuhlwanyela, ukugcina kanye nangaphambi kokuhluma kwamazambane ezimboni.);
- Ukushisa kokugcina 7-8 ° C kuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwamahlumela ambalwa (ukubusa kwe-apical, amazambane okuqala);
- izinga lokushisa 8-12 ° C kuze kube amasonto amabili ngaphambi kokutshala ngesikhathi sokuhluma kokuhlwanyela, ukudla kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezimboni kwamazambane;
-Thermal shock to 15-20 ° C izinsuku ezintathu kuya kwezine ngaphambi kokutshala ukuvusa ukuhluma kwamabhathi amakhulu. Kepha ungashisi masishane, uma kungenjalo ama-tubers angavela kumetabolism esebenzayo;
- umswakama ukhawulela ama-bacterioses, uthuthukisa umphumela wokushisa, umswakama ohlobene kusuka ku-85 kuya ku-90% ulungile.
- ukukhanya kuvimbela ukukhula kobude behlumela, kuthuthukisa ukuhluma futhi kwenza amahlumela wokukhanya athembeke ngokwengeziwe, amahlumela amafushane anika ukukhanya okuningi;
- isikhathi sokuhluma kwangaphambi kokuhluma kuyahlukahluka kuye ngokuhlukahluka;
- Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu zihluma ngokushesha kunezincane;
- Isikhathi eside kakhulu sokuhluma ngaphambi kwesikhathi - ukwakheka kwamatayitela kusenesikhathi, ukusebenza okuphansi
- Isikhathi esifushane kakhulu sokuhluma kokuqala - ukwakheka kwesikhathi kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, ukukhula okunganele.
Ukuhluma kuya ngezinhloso zokukhiqizwa kwamazambane (bheka umdwebo):
Amazambane okuqala. Ngesikhathi sokutshala ku-tuber, kuyinto efiselekayo ukuba namahlumela ambalwa kuphela, ukuze ama-tubers amakhulu akha ngokushesha ngemuva kokutshala. Ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, izinga lokushisa lokugcina isikhathi eside kufanele lisuke ku-6 liye ku-8 ° C futhi lihlume isikhathi eside (izinsuku ezingama-35-70, kuya ngezinhlobonhlobo) lokushisa kwe-10-12 ° C.
Amacwecwe etafuleni namazambane wokusebenza kwezimboni. Ngesikhathi sokutshala, kudingeka kwakhiwe amahlumela amaningi. Ukushisa kokugcina kusuka ku-3 kuye ku-5 ° C kanye nesikhathi sokumila okujwayelekile (izinsuku ezingama-30-60) ku-10-12 C C. Okhunye: ukushaqisa ukushisa ngo-15-20 ° C.
Amazambane embewu. Ngesikhathi sokutshala, inani eliphakeme kakhulu lamahlumela (amahlumela) kungcono. Ukushisa kwesitoreji kusuka ku-3 kuye ku-5 ° C nokukhula okufushane (izinsuku ezingama-20 kuya kwengu-40) ku-10-12 ° C
Ubuchwepheshe bokuzala. Ukuhluma okusetshenziswa kakhulu emabhokisini nasezikhwameni. Ukuphakama kanye nevolumu yegumbi kunethonya elinqumayo ekufaneni kwe-microclimate nekhono lokulawula umoya omncane. Amamitha ambalwa wesikhala samahhala kufanele abe ngaphezulu kwamalungu wamabhokisi, cishe ¼ wokuphakama kwekamelo. Amakamelo amancane afudumeza ngokushesha futhi kufanele abe nomoya omncane kakhulu wokuvikela ukuhlukaniswa lokushisa. Kusetshenziswa ifilimu ehlanganisiwe, izikhala ngazinye zingabiwa ngokushesha ukuze zikwazi ukuphendula izici ezithile zezinhlobonhlobo. Isidingo sezindawo zokuhluma singama-10 m2 nge-1 ha, ngokulandelana, i-1000 m2 nge-100 ha. Ukuntuleka kwendawo okuvame ukukhawulela inani lokuhluma.
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuvezwa kokukhanya kwamazambane ahlumayo, ukusetshenziswa kwamabhokisi amasha akhethekile asobala kunconywa kakhulu. Zenziwe ngopulasitiki obonakalayo, zinamakhona amancane, nezimbobo eziningi. Ukuze ukukhanya okuningi kudlule ebhokisini, kufanele ugcine ibanga elide ngangokunokwenzeka phakathi kwamabhokisi amabili ame ngaphezu kwelinye - okungenani u-12-15 cm Ukuphakama kokufakwa kwamabhokisi kufanele kufane ncamashi nokuphakama kwesibani sokukhanyisa (1,2 noma 1,5 m ). Ngaleli lungiselelo lamabhokisi akhethekile, ungathola amahlumela wokukhanya aqinile aze afike kubude obungu-2 cm. Okude kuphuka lapho kuthululwa izikhwama.
Ukuvezwa kokukhanya kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlumeni. Kulungile ukukhanyisa cishe amahora ayi-15 ngosuku. Ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya kwemvelo kungenzeka lapho kuhluma ezindlini zokugcina izithombo. Amalambu we-fluorescent ajwayelekile ku-5 ° C akhiqiza ukukhanya okungaphansi kwe-60% ngoba enzelwe izindawo zehhovisi. Ukuhluma kwamazambane ngobungcweti, kwenziwa izibani ezikhethekile ezonga amandla zePotatolight zedizayini eklanyelwe ukusebenza emazingeni okushisa aphansi, zinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla izikhathi ezine. Isithombe esingakwesokudla se-NEU sikhombisa ukukhanya okufanele ngesikhathi sokuhluma.
Ukushisa kuyipharamitha ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukuhluma. Ukufeza ubude behlumela obufunekayo ngosuku olubekiwe lokutshala, kufanele kubonwe umehluko wezinhlobonhlobo zokushisa. Izinga lokuhluma lingalungiswa namazinga okushisa. Kubalulekile futhi ukugcina izinga lokushisa elilinganayo usuku lonke nasezindaweni eziphakeme ezahlukahlukene zamabhokisi amaningi. Ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa kungenzeka ekuseni kakhulu (ngaphansi kuka-3 ° C akufuneki kumahlumela). Ngakho-ke, igumbi kufanele lihlonywe ngesifudumezi somoya esanele ukuze izinga lokushisa lingehli ngaphansi kuka-7 о C.
Ukuhlukahluka kwezinga lokushisa kusuka ku-2 kuye ku-10 ° C kusuka phansi kuya ezingeni eliphakeme lamadonsa kungenzeka lapho kungekho ukuqashelwa komoya kabusha. Esimweni esibi kakhulu, lokhu kungaholela kubude obungalingani bamahlumela nokuqhekeka kwabo okuyingxenye ngesikhathi sokutshala. Ukuqeda lokhu, kusetshenziswa fan yophahla yomthamo owanele womoya onenzwa yokushisa. Lokhu kunikeza ukulingana kokushisa komoya njengoba kudingeka.
Umswakama omkhulu womoya wokuhluma usuka kuma-85 kuye kuma-90%. Njalo ngaphansi kwama-80% - nezilimo eziyizigaxa zingahle zilahlekelwe yi-turgor. Umswakama ohlala njalo ongaphezulu kwama-95% uyingozi kakhulu, uvusa ukubukeka kokuqina kuma-tubers emazingeni okushisa okuphezulu futhi uholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezifo zokukhunta kanye namagciwane, ikakhulukazi isibazi sesiliva ne-fusarium. Umswakama ophezulu uholela ekwakhekeni kwezimpande ezisekelweni zezihluma, okubangela izinkinga ngesikhathi sokutshala. I-midzi eqinile ibonisa umswakama obukhulu ngokweqile.
Uma amahlumela avele ekuseni kakhulu futhi abe mude kakhulu, asuswa kangcono. Le nqubo ibekezelelwa kahle yizinhlobonhlobo ezinomugqa omude wobusika nesikhathi eside sokuhluma. Kunoma ikuphi, lapho ususa amahlumela, okulandelayo kufanele kuqashelwe: ngokuhluma kuqala nokubusa kwe-apical, amasonto angama-2-3 ngaphambi kokutshala, izinga lokushisa okungenani 8-10 ° C, gwema ukulimala. Ngemuva kwalokhu, ukuhluma kungaqhubeka ngokushisa kwe-15-18 ° C, ukukhanya okuphansi kanye nomswakama ophezulu. Uma izimo zezulu ezimbi zilibala ukutshala, ukuhluma kungabambezeleka ngokunciphisa izinga lokushisa kanye nokukhanya okuqinile.
Ukuhlanzeka Inhlanzeko. Yonke imishini nemishini ehlobene nezilimo eziyizigaxa zokutshala kumele ihlanzwe futhi ihlanzwe ngegciwane ngezindlela ezisebenzayo. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zokutshala kulesi sigaba zizwela kakhulu ukutheleleka ngefungus kanye namagciwane. Ukuvimbela ukulimala kwemishini nokulimala, amashubhu kufanele abekelwe ukuhluma ngamazinga okushisa oku- + 10 ° C. Ukulungiswa nokugcwaliswa kwamabhokisi, izikhwama kufanele zihlukaniswe nezindawo zokugcina. Uthuli oluphakanyisiwe lapho ukugcwaliswa kwamabhokisi kusabalalisa izinhlamvu zezifo eziyinhloko ezintweni zokutshala kanye namahlumela.
Ukufakelwa Ukuhluma kwenziwa ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizeni amazambane okuqala. Noma ngubani ohluma amazambane ubhekelwe futhi atshale ngokushesha okukhulu. Isikhathi sokutshala kuleli cala sinqunywa ukulungela ngokomzimba kwenhlabathi kanye nezinga lokushisa elamukelekayo. Kuyinto efiselekayo ukuthi inhlabathi yomile, ihleleke futhi iqhekeke ngesikhathi sokutshala kwamazambane kusenesikhathi, futhi izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi lingaphezu kuka-5ºC. Ukugwema ukushaqeka kwezinga lokushisa, ukutshala izilimo eziyizigaxa kufanele kube sezingeni lokushisa lomhlabathi izinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezintathu ngaphambi kokutshala. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuqiniswe okokuhluma okwehlisiwe - ukumelana nabo izinsuku ezimbalwa emoyeni ovulekile emazingeni okushisa emini nasebusuku wemvelo.
Izinto zokutshala ezingaphambi kokuqina nokuqinisiwe zibekezelela izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi. Kusukela ku-5ºC, lokhu kusebenza kuqala ukukhula ngenkuthalo emhlabathini. Ukutshala nezilimo eziyizigaxa kungamelana namazinga okushisa esikhashana. Ukushisa kwenhlabathi ngaphansi kwe-2º C kubangela ukulimala kwezithombo. Ezingeni lokushisa eliseduze ne-0º C, amahlumela ayafa, kepha ishubhu ligcina amandla okuqhuma futhi. Yonke imizamo nomphumela wokuhluma kuzoba yinkinga lapho ubuya ngemuva kokutshala okushisa okuzinzile kwe-subzero kuhlangana nomswakama omningi womhlaba emaphethelweni. Ngakho-ke, isibikezelo sezulu esibekiwe sesikhathi eside sibalulekile ekukhetheni usuku olufanele lokutshala amazambane ahlume. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukwanda okulindelekile komkhiqizo wokuqala futhi, ngenxa yalokho, amanani entengo aphezulu ngeke abe khona, futhi izindleko zokuhluma sezivele sezitholile.
Izindleko zokukhula zingama-ruble ayi-15 - 20. Kuma-1 ha, amabhokisi epulasitiki akhanyayo angama-200 kuya kwangama-300 noma izikhwama ezingama-20- 24, izibani ezikhethekile ezi-4 kuya kweziyi-8 ezinezintambo ezifaka izintambo futhi zishesha, ukusuka ku-8 kuye ku-12 m ziyadingeka2 amakamelo anezindonga ezimhlophe, ukufudumeza, umoya omncane kanye nokulawula komswakama. Kuyadingeka futhi ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwamandla (300 kWh / ha), izindleko ezengeziwe zabasebenzi. Esigabeni sokutshala, ukukhiqiza kuyancipha, kunengqondo ukusebenzisa abatshali be-Clone ngesakhiwo sezandla se-tubers. Izithombo ezizenzakalelayo zamukela amahlumela kuphela uma ijubane lokutshala liphansi futhi nezilimo eziyizigaxa zikhishwa ungqimba oluncane.
Njengokunye ukuhluma kwangaphambi kokuhluma, isitoko sokutshala amazambane singakhuthazwa ngokushiswa ukushisa izinsuku eziyi-3-4 ngaphambi kokutshala. Inqubo imi kanjena: fudumeza amazambane izinsuku eziyi-3-4 kuye ku-15-20 ° C, uvule umoya ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze izilimo eziyizigaxa zingaguli. Ngokunikezwa kweqoqo lomoya ofudumele kusisindo somkhiqizo, izindawo zokuncipha zingabonakala emngceleni nomkhiqizo obandayo, futhi ngalo kuthuthukiswa uqweqwe lwesiliva kanye ne-fusarium. Mane nje ukufaka nokuvula i-heater akwenzi msebenzi ngokwedlulele. Kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ukufudumeza kuhlangene nokungenisa umoya okuqhubekayo okuqhubekayo nokuphindaphinda okwanele komoya ukusabalalisa ngokulinganayo izinga lokushisa kwizilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nevolumu yesitoreji sonke. Ukushaqeka okushisayo (ukushaqeka) kuyisinyathelo okufanele senziwe ngendlela efanelekile ukugwema ubungozi bokushisa okungalingani nokujiya. Njengomphumela wokuzifudumeza, ngesikhathi sokutshala, amahlumela kufanele abe asevele abonakala (lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi amachashazi amhlophe), kepha awonakalanga ngokuphelele ngesikhathi sokutshala okuphezulu. Isikhathi esifushane sokufukamela asikwazi ukuhlinzeka ukwakheka kwamatayitela afanayo nangemva kokuhluma okude. Kodwa amahlumela avela ngokushesha, izilimo eziyizigaxa zihluma ngenani elikhulu lamahlumela. Ukushiswa ukushisa kufanele kubhekwe njengeyona ndlela yezobuchwepheshe nenengqondo yokulungisa izinto zokutshala ekukhiqizeni imbewu nasekukhiqizweni okukhulu kwamazambane.