UNematode uyisitha sombalisi wamazambane, "angeke kukhulunywe ngakho." Akekho okhuluma ngezinsolo ngokutheleleka okungenzeka kwamasimu abo noma izindlela zokuphumelela zomzabalazo.
Akekho okhuluma ngezinsolo ngokutheleleka okungenzeka kwamasimu abo noma izindlela eziphumelelayo zokulwa nesibulala zinambuzane embuthanweni osezingeni elifanele, nomakhelwane ekhaya. Mhlawumbe futhi yingakho isihloko nesihloko ngasinye unyaka uya ngokuya usebenza. Abahleli balo magazini banquma ukufaka isandla ukulungisa lesi simo futhi ukugqamisa kakhulu okubalulekile, ngombono wethu, izici zodaba.
Sacela ukutshela omunye wochwepheshe baseRussia abahola emkhakheni we-phytoparasitology - inhloko yeLaboratory ye-Phytoparasitology yeCentre for Parasitology yeSikhungo se-Ecology and Evolution Institute . I-A.N.Severtsova RAS, iNhloko yeLabhorethri yokutholwa kwezifo ze-Phytopathogenic ze-All-Russian Institute Institute of Phytopathology UMikhail Pridannikov.
OKWENGEZIWE 30 IMINYANGO eyinkulungwane
Uma kukhulunywa ngematode, okokuqala kudingekile ukucacisa ukuthi ingxoxo imayelana nokuthi hlobo luni lwezibungu eziyisiyingi. Njengamanje, isayensi yazi izinhlobo ezingaphezu kweziyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 zama-nematode angama-parasitic kanye nama-free-living, kanti ochwepheshe bacabanga ukuthi empeleni kukhona okungenani isigidi sazo.
Kodwa-ke, kumphakathi ochwepheshe wabalimi bamazambane, kuphela labo abakwaziyo ukuphila ngamazambane futhi badale umonakalo omkhulu esitshalweni abanesithakazelo. Le yimatode ye-potato ephaphathekile (lat. I-Pale Globodera),
I-nematato yegolide amazambane (lat. I-Globodera rostochiensis) kanye nesiqu (tuber) nematode (lat. Ditylenchus umbhubhisi) I-Pale potato nematode iyinto yokuhlala ngaphandle yangaphandle; idatha yokutholwa kwayo endaweni yaseRussia ayikabhalwa.
Kepha ungakhohlwa ukuthi cishe yonke le ndawo ihlalwa izingadi ezizimele noma amapulazi abalimi abancane (kufika kumahektha ayi-100). Abakhiqizi abakhulu bezolimo I-Globodera rostochiensis Akubeki ebungozini enkulu, uma kutholakala inkathazo kwelinye lamasimu, kungenzeka ukuthi le ndawo ingashintshwa ngokushintshana kwezilimo ngaphandle komonakalo omkhulu ebhizinisini.
Usongo olukhulu kakhulu i-stode nematode. Kumabhizinisi amakhulu ezolimo Ditylenchus umbhubhisi namuhla iba yinkinga yoku-1.
ISIQINISO KANYE NOKUHLAZIYA KAKHULU
Isiqu se-nematode sithelela izilimo eziyizigaxa nezingxenye ezingaphansi komhlaba zesiqu samazambane. Engxenyeni engaphansi, izimpawu zesifo aziboniswanga kahle, ngakho-ke, cishe akunakwenzeka ukunquma ukutheleleka ngeDitylenchus "ngeso". Ngasikhathi sinye, izimpawu ezisemthethweni zokulimala kwizilimo eziyizigaxa (izindawo ezithambile ezimnyama) zingadideka kalula nezimpawu zokubola kwefungal noma kwegciwane. Ngisho nochwepheshe bangakhuluma ngokuzethemba ngobukhona be-ditylenchus kuphela ngemuva kokwenza ukuhlaziywa okukhethekile. Kepha kunezinkinga ezithile lapha futhi. Imvamisa, izilimo eziyizigaxa kanye / noma amasampula omhlabathi zilethwa elebhu. Imvamisa kunezimo lapho kutholakala i-nematode kula masampuli ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu (njengoba sekushiwo, inani lezinhlobo zalesi sibungu esincanyana lingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-30), kepha asihlali sikhuluma nge-ditylenchus eyingozi.
TO UMLANDO WALO MBUZO
I-stode nematode ayisona isivakashi esisha emazweni aseRussia; inkathazo yatholakala ezweni ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX. Ezikhathini zeSoviet, ukusakazwa kwezinambuzane kwakulawulwa izinsizakalo zokuphiliswa kwezempi. Bese kuthiwani ngenkinga ukhohliwe isikhashana.
Izingcingo zokuqala eziya elabhoratri ye-phytoparasitology ye Mayelana ne-ditylench saqala ukuyilungisa ngo-2014-15.
Ukungabinaki i-stem nematode, ekwazi ukugqumaUnyaka omuhle ngawo ukuthi abhubhise kuze kufike ku-80% wesilimo uchazwa kalula: ukuthola ubukhona bawo enkundleni akuyona into elula kangako.
Ngeshwa, iziqu zabasebenzi abasebenza ezindaweni ezihlukene zokubeletha azihlali ziphakeme njalo, kanti ukuxilongwa kwamanga kulezi zimo akuyona into engjwayelekile.
Ungasigwema kanjani isimo esifanayo? Okokuqala, kunesibopho esikhulu ukusondela ekuqoqweni kwezinto zokuhlaziya: ukuletha hhayi umhlaba kuphela, kepha futhi nokuthola imfucumfucu yesitshalo, izingxenye zokhula - yikuthi kuzo lesi stem nematode sikhetha ukuzixazulula. Okwesibili, ngokusola okuncane kakhulu kokuthi kukhona inkathazo, amasampula kufanele ahanjiswe ezindaweni zokucwaninga eziningana. Izindleko zokucwaninga kunoma yisiphi isimo ngeke ziqhathaniswe nezindleko zephutha.
DISTRIBUTION REGions
Asinayo imininingwane ngqo ngobubanzi bokusabalala kwesinambuzane eRussia. Isiqu se-nematode asiyona eyenani lezinto ezihlukanisayo, ngakho-ke, akekho owenza ucwaningo oluphakathi (njengoba kwenzeka nge-golden potato nematode). Ngokuya ngesimo semibuzo elabhorethri yethu, ngiyabona ukuthi i-ditylenkhoz itholakala cishe kuzo zonke izifunda ezisenkabeni yezwe. Inkinga enkulu yizifunda zaseNizhny Novgorod naseBryansk.
Ngaphezulu kwe-Urals, amacala okutheleleka nawo ayaqoshwa, noma kuze kube manje sikhuluma ngeziqephu ezingazodwa.
Kepha masingakhohlwa ukuthi isiqu sesode lidonsa kanzima ukunquma, futhi uma leyo nkinga isatholakala, akuyona inkambiso ukukhuluma ngayo.
UMA I-Pest Itholakele
Imvamisa, kutholakala i-lesion enkulu yama-ditylechomas ngaphambi kokuba kuvunwe. Icala elijwayelekile, lapho behlola ukutshala ngo-Agasti, konke kuhamba kahle, ngemuva kwamasonto amabili noma amathathu baqala ukuhlanza, futhi akukho lutho olwasala lwamazambane. Inkathazo izibonakalisa iqine kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle kuyo (kunomswakama, sezulu esifudumele ngaphandle kokushintsha okungazelelwe kokushisa, inhlabathi emanzi). Futhi nanti elinye iphuzu elibalulekile: amapulazi amaningi manje aseshintshela ekuniseleni okufakwayo, kufanele aqaphele ngokucophelela ukuba khona kokuqina komhlaba wawo emazweni abo.
Inani lomonakalo epulazini lincike ebangeni lomonakalo wezitshalo
Umlimi unelungelo lokubona konke akwazile ukukulanda: amazambane athinteka yi-ditylenchus awachithwa.
Kepha njengoba ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo enjalo incishisiwe ngokuphawulekayo, amanani ayo nawo kufanele ehliswe. Umkhiqizo owonakele kakhulu uthathwa amafemu wesitashi.
Amazambane wembewu kuzodingeka ahlungwe kaninginingi ngaphambi kokuba athengiswe. Futhi-ke, umkhiqizi kuzodingeka anciphise kakhulu isigaba sezinto ezibonakalayo. Ezimeni zamazambane zesigaba se- "Elite" (OS; ES; PP-1; SSE; SE; E) ukutheleleka nge-ditylenchosis akuvunyelwe, futhi ezinhlizweni zokuphinda kwenziwe futhi kwesibili (PC1 nePC2) kuze kufike ku-0,5% wezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinegciwane okuvunyelwe ngokusho kwe-GOST.
Siphinde futhi siqaphele ukuthi ukutholwa kwesilokazane akuhlanganisi ukubekwa kwanoma yiziphi unswinyo zokujeziswa epulazini. Kepha lona kanye iqiniso lokutheleleka (noma ngabe iphesenti alibucayi) kufanele kube yisibonakaliso kumlimi sokuthi umsebenzi epulazini lakhe awuphelele nokuthi kuyadingeka, okungenani, ukuthi aqaphele ngokukhetha abahlinzeki bezinto zembewu (imvamisa i-stem nematode ingeniswa ngembewu) futhi uqiniseke ukuthi uhlola yonke impahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle.
Into yokuqala okufanele uyenze ngaphambi kokuthenga imbewu ukubheka ngokucophelela. Vele ugeze amabhakede amabili amazambane bese uhlola ukuthi ama-tubers abukeka kanjani, noma abukeka kanjani. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukwenza le nqubo kusengaphambili, okungenani inyanga ngaphambi kokwehla.
Ngokungabaza okuncane, okokusebenza kufanele kuthunyelwe ukuyohlaziywa. Ngisho nephesenti elincane lokutheleleka nge-ditylenkhoz, ukutshala akufanele kuvunyelwe, ukuze kamuva kungalwelwa ukuhlanzeka kwamazwe abo iminyaka engu-5-7, kugcinwa njalo inkinga ilawulwa.
IZIMPAWU ZOKULWA
Ukulwa nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-nematode ye-parasitic kudinga ukuthuthukiswa kwezinyathelo eziningi, kucatshangelwa izici zomuntu ngamunye wepulazi elithile. Futhi uhlala udinga ukuqala ngokwakha ukujikeleza kwezitshalo. Ngizobhuka ngokushesha ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukukhetha uhlu oludingekayo lwamasiko wokutheleleka nge-ditylenchus kunokutheleleka nge-globoderosis. Iqiniso ngukuthi i-nematato yegolide yegolide yondla kuphela amazambane. Ukuze uyiqede, ungatshali lesi silimo ezindaweni ezinegciwane isikhathi eside ngokwanele. Akukhona ngenhlanhla ukuthi isiqu nematode sibizwe ngomchithi; singaphila ezinhlotsheni ezingaba ngu-40 zezitshalo ezitshaliwe futhi ezingekho ngaphansi kwezikhulu zasendle.
Ngokunikezwe lokhu, ochwepheshe batusa ukuthi ekuqaleni zishiya izindawo ezinegciwane le-ditylenchus zingathethwanga. Ngaphansi kwezimo zomphunga omsulwa, zonke izinsalela zezitshalo ziyabola, futhi inani lezilokazane lehlile kakhulu. IDitylench nayo ayizithandi izilimo zikakolweni; ikhulisa ukungasebenzi kuzo. Ngokwehlukana, kufanelekile ukusho ukusetshenziswa kwe-siderates. Kuluhlu lwezilimo lezi, ungakhetha “abavotelwa” abafaneleko ukuze bafakwe ekushintsheni kwezitshalo. Thatha isinaphi, ngokwesibonelo.
Ngemuva kokuhogela, lesi sitshalo sibola emhlabathini, sikhulula izinto ezithile eziyingozi ku-nematode. Kepha ukuze lesi sitshalo sifeze umsebenzi waso, kubalulekile ukusiphunga ngesikhathi esichazwe ngokuqinile, lapho sifinyelela isigaba esifanele sokuthuthuka. Abaningi bakhetha ukulinda kuze kubonakale imbewu, bese kuphela lapho bebhekana nosizi oluhlaza osele. Ngenxa yalokhu, abakhiqizi bezolimo babamba umcimbi omuhle kakhulu wokuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, kepha awunamphumela kwi-nematode, ngoba zonke izinto ezisebenzayo zingena ezinhlanyelweni.
Ekulweni ne-ditylenchus (kanye nanoma yimaphi amanye ama-phytopathogens), inhlanzeko yokukhiqiza nayo ibaluleke kakhulu. Kuyadingeka ukuthi njalo futhi kususwe ngokuphelele ukungcola okusele kwimishini - kuyo yonke imishini esebenza emasimini nasezinqolobaneni. Ake ucabange uma izimbotshana ezimbalwa ze-ditylenkhoz zigcotshwe, ithi, etafuleni lokuhlunga, i-ditylench izohlala kulo lonke iqembu elizolandela lapho. Futhi kulula kakhulu ukugwema ukutheleleka okukhulu - vele ugeze indawo. Ngisho nangaphandle kokungeza ama-fumigants, amanzi alula azosusa i-99,9% yenkinga. Ukukhuluma ngenhlanzeko, kuyadingeka ukunaka udaba oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lokulahlwa kwemikhiqizo ebolile.
Ngabe imikhiqizo elahliweyo idonswa kuphi kaningi? Iya ethafeni eliseduzane noma emseleni ngqo endaweni yegumbi. Ukusuka lapho, zonke izifo nezinambuzane (kufaka phakathi i-nematode) esele kulezi zigaxa zidluliselwa kalula kwisilimo esinempilo. Isibonelo siba sobala ikakhulukazi uma amanzi avela ezigodini egobhoza engena echibini lendawo, lapho ipulazi lithatha khona amanzi okunisela.
IMISEBENZI EYANGQINILE YOKUFUNDA
Ezikhathalogu zesimanje zezinkampani zokuzalela kanye nembewu ngaso sonke isikhathi kunezinhlobo ezingamelana kakhulu ne-nematode. Udinga ukuqonda ukuthi kuleli cala sikhuluma ngokumelana kwe-nematode egolide naphaphathekile, ngoba kunqunywa ngofuzo. Akukho ukumelana ne-ditylench ngenxa yezakhi zofuzo. Lesi yisincithakalo.
Yize futhi kungalungile ukusho ukuthi inkathazo ibona zonke izinhlobo zamazambane ngokulinganayo. Abaphenyi bahlukanisa phakathi kokumelana (okungathinteki kangako, ngevolumu yesilonda efinyelela ku-10%) nezinhlobo ezithinteke kakhulu (ikakhulukazi lezo ezicutshungulwayo).
Kepha kusesekuseni kakhulu ukwakha ngezigaba ezihambisanayo. Amaphepha wesayensi kule ndaba, avela ngezikhathi ezithile, aveza ikakhulukazi izici ezinciphile zokuthi i-ditylenchiasis isakazeka kanjani ezinhlotsheni ezithile, ezimeni ezithile zesimo sezulu, ngezinga elithile lokutheleleka. Izinhlobonhlobo ezifanayo ziziphatha kanjani, kepha ngamazinga okushisa ahlukahlukene futhi ngegciwane elihlukile lokutheleleka, uhlala umbuzo.
UKUVIKELA KWEZOBUCHWEPHESHE NEZOBUCHWEPHESHE
Njengamanje, yi-nematicide eyodwa kuphela evunyelwe eRussia - Vidat 5G. Ngokuzayo, kufanele kube nokuningi kwalokho: kumaphothifoliyo abo bonke abakhiqizi abakhulu bemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo kunezidakamizwa ezinjalo, futhi manje izinkathazo zenza yonke imizamo yokusheshisa inqubo yokubhalisa.
Ngokuqondene nemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo, ngombono wami, ayikasebenzi empini yokulwa ne-ditylench, futhi njengesazi sezinto eziphilayo anginakungabaza ngamathemba abo. Abathuthukisi banemibono ethokozisayo, kepha kusenzima ukunqoba ukutheleleka nge-epiphytotic nge- "biology".
Masidwebe umzekeliso: umuntu uphatha ukugula okungathi sína ngama-antibiotic, abese ephuza amavithamini ukuze agcinele ukungatheleleki emzimbeni. Futhi lapha: i-chemistry iyadingeka ukuze unciphise izinga lokutheleleka okulingene libe lincane, futhi kuphela lapho ukwazi ukuxhuma i- "biology" ukuze ulondoloze impilo yenhlabathi.
UKUQALA
Okwamanje, i-ditylenkhoz ingabizwa ngokuthi inkinga enkulu yeRussia, kepha nokho akuyona inhlekelele. Ngemizamo ethile, ipulazi ngalinye liyakwazi ukushayela izinambuzane luhlaka lapho lukhona emhlabathini, kepha lingalimazi isivuno.
Futhi ngokuzayo kusengaphambili, ngicabanga ukuthi, sizofika emithethweni efanayo esetshenziswa namuhla eYurophu. EHolland, ngokwesibonelo, wonke amapulazi embewu namabhizinisi akhiqiza amazambane okusebenza kudingeka ukuthi afake i-nematicides enhlabathini, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ngabe i-nematode itholakele noma ayitholakali ezindaweni zawo. Ngakho-ke, i-nematode ezindaweni ezithile ikhona lapho, kepha ngesilinganiso lapho ingashaywa indiva.
Khumbula: lapho sekwephuze ukulimaza izilimo ezweni lonke, kwabangela indlala, kodwa bafunda ukuthi bangabhekana kanjani nakho ngokwenza inqubo ejwayelekile yokwelashwa. Cishe into efanayo izokwenzeka ku-ditylenchus. Mhlawumbe lokhu ngeke kwenzeke kungekudala, kodwa ayikho enye indlela.