Ocwaningweni olusha lobudlelwano be-typiotic phakathi kwesikhunta kubangele umkhondo omnyama wamazambane namazambane, ososayensi bathola okungalindelekile.
Ukukhiqizwa kwezilimo zamazambane eziphakeme futhi ezisezingeni eliphakeme (I-Solanum tuberosum L.) kuwumsebenzi onzima odinga ukucatshangelwa kwezici eziningi, kufaka phakathi izinhlobonhlobo, amapharamitha enhlabathi, imvula kanye nemikhuba yezolimo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidalwa zenhlabathi ezinjengezinhlobo zezikhunta, izinambuzane namagciwane ngokusobala zingathonya ukukhula kwesiko lamazambane ngokuya ngokuthanda kwazo.
Ubulukhuni bokusebenzisana kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezikhona emhlabathini nesitshalo esilinywayo asisafundwa kangako. Iqembu lososayensi elivela eSyunivesithi YaseSweden Yezolimo Yezolimo laphenya ukusebenzisana kwesikhashana phakathi kwamathumbu okuthinta uhlelo lwezimpande lwamazambane kanye nesikhunta se-pathogenic I-Rhizoctonia solanikudala i-rhizoctonia.
Ukusebenzisana kwafundwa ezitshalweni zamazambane ezitshalwe ezimbizeni ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo. Kwivivinyo elifanayo elifanayo, inhlanganisela ehlukile ye-nematode ne-mycelium fungal yangezwe ezimbizeni kathathu; ukufika, emva kwezinsuku eziyi-14 nangemva kwezinsuku ezingama-28.
Ama-Nematode anciphise i-biomass yezimpande, kanye nenhlanganisela yama-nematode ne R.solani kuholele ekunciphiseni kwesivuno se-tuber kuzo zombili izivivinyo, kodwa ukusebenzisana kwakungeyona ukuvumelana. Ngokuphambene nalokho, inani lezilonda ezisesimweni sezilonda zesisu lehle phambi kwe-nematode kuqhathaniswa nokwelashwa kwe-R. solani kuphela.
Ososayensi bazi okuncane mayelana nokuhlangana kwesikhunta se-pathogenic kanye nematode wokuhlanza
Ama-nematode wesitshalo sokuhluma, amele i-15% yenani lilonke lezihlobo zezidumbu ezichaziwe, akhona enhlabathini emhlabeni wonke futhi angamagciwane ajwayelekile kwezolimo. Zinezinto ezahlukahlukene zokubamba, kufaka phakathi amazambane, futhi zihambahamba kuwo wonke umjikelezo wazo wokuphila, kungaba semhlabathini (ama-ectoparasites) noma ezimpandeni (ama-endoparasites).
Umthelela wokutshala kwezitshalo ekulahlekelweni kwesitshalo kungenzeka ungabukelwa phansi ngoba izimpawu ezingaphezulu komhlaba noma nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezingajwayelekile azibonakali ngokumelene nesizinda sesilimo esiphelele.
Kodwa-ke, ama-nematode athinta uhlelo lwempande (i-endoparasitic free-live nematode) anganciphisa isivuno se-tuber ngo-12% noma ngaphezulu uma alandelwa izifo zesibili yi-fungi namagciwane.
Kukholelwa ukuthi ama-nematode we-parasitic angathinta futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo ezibangelwa amanye ama-pathogen womhlabathi, ukuqinisa ngokubambisana ngokuqina kwemiphumela yesikhunta se-pathogenic.
Isibonelo, ama-nematode angaphendula ekuguqukeni kwezitshalo ezithintwe yisikhunta, noma isikhunta singene ngaphakathi kwezicubu zezitshalo ngamanxeba abangelwa ukondla ama-nematode.
I-pathogen fungus R.solani kubangela izilonda zesisu, ukugoqa okumnyama, noma nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezibuthakathaka, phakathi kwezinye izinkomba, njengobukhulu, indlovu, ikhasi, kanye nemifantu.
Isikhunta singaphila ngezinsalela zezinhlabathi emhlabathini noma sithwelwe yimbewu lapho ikhona kumashubhu njenge-sclerotia (coating emnyama).
Emasimini amazambane aseSweden anomhlabathi R. Solani kwatholakala ukuthi kukhona ama-nematode amaningi, kepha ukunakwa kwalezi zinto ezimbili akunikezwanga.
Kuyamukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi izimpande ezihlukumezayo ze-nematode Ama-Pratylenchus envranrans kuthinta umphumela R.solaniokuthinta kabi isivuno.
Ezinye izinhlobo zama-nematode axhumana nazo R.solani,, kufaka phakathi i-cyst-format potato nematode I-Globodera rostochiensis и I-Pale Globodera.
Isikhathi sokuvezwa kwe-pathogen kanye ne-nematode kulesi simila, kanye nesigaba sokuthuthuka kwesitshalo sokusingathwa kubalulekile ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nobunzima besi sifo salowo osingathile.
Izici zesikhashana zokuvezwa kanye nobuthaka ngenxa yentuthuko yezitshalo nazo azizange zifundwe ngokwanele, yize kukhona izifundo eziqhathanisa ukutholakala kwezinhlobonhlobo.
Kulesi sivivinyo, bekucatshangwa ukuthi inhlanganisela ye-plant-parasitic nematode futhi R. Solani kuzoholela kwesilonda esibuhlungu kakhulu esilondeni nasezibondeni, kuzodala ukwehla kwesibalo kanye nekhwalithi yezilimo eziyizigaxa ngenxa yokuqubuka okukhulu kwe-plaque emnyama nezinye izimpawu.
Izinhlobo ezimbili ze-nematode inoculum zisetshenziselwe ukuhlolwa; ekuhlolweni 1 - umphakathi ophelele wama-nematode, lapho ama-nematode anomonakalo wezimpande evelele, ikakhulukazi A. erenatus, futhi ekuhlolweni 2 - isiko elihlanzekile le-nematode P. crenata.
Ukungeza izimpande ze-izimpande kanye R.solani waba nethonya elithile ezitshalweni zamazambane cishe kuzo zonke izindlela zokwelapha.
Kwaqinisekiswa ama-hypotheses amabili, njengoba ososayensi bethole ukuthi inhlanganisela ye-nematode ne R.solani nokuthi isikhathi sokufakwa inoculation sithinte sobukhulu bomonakalo owenziwe yi-fungus kanye nematodes.
Kodwa-ke, okuphikisana nokuqonda kwe-synergy, ososayensi babona ukuthi ikhwalithi yezilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nokulimazeka kwesikhunta kulesitshalo akuncikile ebukhoneni be-nematode ngaphambi kokuqalwa yisikhunta.
Ubunzima besilonda sesiqu abuzange bunyuke lapho kukhona ama-nematode. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilonda zesiqu zazimbi kakhulu lapho kufakwa ama-nematode kuhlangene nefungi.
I-Nematode parasitizing ezitshalweni inciphise inani lezilonda zesisu esikhundleni sokuzenza zibe nzima ngokwedlulele, futhi ama-nematode nawo awuzange athinte ukulimala kwesikhunta kuma-stolons noma kuma-tubers njengoba bekuhlosiwe.
Okunye okungenzeka kungaba ukuthi ama-nematode asebenzisa izindlela zokumelana ezitshalweni zamazambane ngendlela efanayo yokuthi izimpande ze-nematode zikwazi ukwenza izindlela zokuzivikela kumatamatisi, ososayensi baphakamise.
“Kubalulekile ukuqonda nokuhlola izinga lobudlelwano phakathi kwamagciwane ukulwa nezifo ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezifanele zokuphatha. Ngakho-ke, ukubhekana nalezi zingqinamba, ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka. Ukuthola kwethu okuyinhloko ukuthi isivuno sithonywa ngokuvela kanyekanye kwama-nematode athinta izimpande, futhi R.solani, nokuthi nematode angasebenzisana nesitshalo samazambane, okuholela ekuncipheni kwenani lezilonda zezitho. Imiphumela yethu igcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlaziya ubukhona be-nematode enkundleni ukuze bakwazi ukudala amasu okuvikela ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane ngempumelelo. Ukujikeleza kwezilimo okungenani iminyaka emine ngaphandle kwamazambane nezinye izindlela zokulima kungasiza ukunciphisa inani labantu R.solani ensimini, nomphumela wezitshalo ezitshalwe esikhathini esingenawo amazambane kuzoba nomthelela kuma-nematode ezimpande, ”ososayensi bafingqa udaba lwabo lwesayensi olushicilelwe ku-portal www.mdpi.com.
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