Ukuba khona kwezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane ezikhiqiza kakhulu ezikwazi ukubona ngokugcwele amandla azo emhlabathini othize kanye nezimo zezulu kuyisihluthulelo sokuthola izitshalo ezicebile nezizinzile ezifundeni. ERiphabhulikhi yaseTatarstan, umsebenzi wokwakhiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezinjalo wenziwa kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Mayelana nokuthi yimiphi imisebenzi ososayensi abazibekela yona futhi bazibekele yona nokuthi yimiphi impumelelo asebekwazile ukuyifinyelela, uyasho UZenon Stashevsky, Ikhandidethi Yezesayensi Yezinto Eziphilayo, Inhloko yoMnyango Wezolimo Lwezinto Eziphilayo, Umcwaningi Oholayo we-Tatar Scientific Research Agricultural Institute, ukuhlukaniswa okuhlukile kwesakhiwo se-Federal Research Centre Kazan Scientific Center ye-Russian Academy of Sciences (TatNIISH FRC KazSC RAS) .
Umlando omncane
Kakade ezinsukwini ze-USSR, amazambane amaningi ayetshalwa eTatarstan, ngaleyo minyaka, okungenani izimboni eziyisithupha zesitashi zazisebenza endaweni ye-republic. Ngokuyisisekelo, ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane athengiswayo kwenziwa ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, ezibonakala ngenhlabathi eqinile enomhlaba ovundile. Ihlobo e-republic ngokuvamile liyashisa futhi isomiso asivamile, futhi inhlabathi evundile igcina umswakama isikhathi eside, futhi lokhu kuvumela abakhiqizi bezolimo ukuba bahlakulele ngempumelelo izitshalo ezithanda umswakama, kuhlanganise namazambane.
Ngawo-50, ososayensi baseKazan Breeding and Experimental Station bakha izinhlobo ezimbili zamazambane, kwase kuthi isikhathi eside kwabekwa phambili umsebenzi wenhlangano yesayensi ezindabeni zobuchwepheshe bokutshalwa kwezitshalo futhi ikakhulukazi ukukhiqizwa kwembewu, le ndawo yayithuthuka ngenkuthalo.
Ngama-90s, kakade ngesisekelo se-Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture, kwahlelwa ilabhorethri yokusabalalisa i-microclonal, eyenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza ama-microplants amazambane ayizinkulungwane ezingama-50-80 ngonyaka. Ama-greenhouse mini-tubers atholwe kuma-microplants ku-isolator ekhethekile. Umsebenzi owengeziwe wenziwa ngokulandela uhlelo olugcwele lokukhiqizwa kwembewu: ama-mini-tubers atshalwe ensimini futhi alethwa kwabaphezulu nabaphezulu. Eminyakeni ephumelele kakhulu, ochwepheshe abavela e-TatNIISH bakhiqize amathani afinyelela kwangu-2 embewu yamazambane. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi isifunda sidinga izinhlobo zaso ezingabonisa imiphumela emihle ezimweni ezinzima zezulu ze-Middle Volga.
Umsebenzi wokuzalanisa waqalwa kabusha ngo-2002. Abalimi babebhekene nomsebenzi wokudala izinhlobo, okokuqala, ukumelana nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane (okubangela umonakalo omkhulu ezivunweni zamazambane). Futhi, izinhlobo ezintsha kwakufanele zihlukaniswe ngokubekezelela amazinga okushisa aphezulu, okungukuthi, ikhono lokwenza isitshalo ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ikhwalithi ngesikhathi sesomiso sesikhashana.
Ngo-2015, iRejista Yombuso yayihlanganisa izinhlobo zokuqala ezidalwe e-TatNIISH - Courtney and Reggie. Ngo-2019, kwavela izinhlobonhlobo zeSamba. Ngo-2020 - Zumba, ngo-2021 - Salsa. Izinhlobo ezintathu zokuqala azikwazi ukumelana negciwane le-y. I-Zumba ne-Salsa yolunye uhlobo oluhlukile, ifaneleka kakhulu ekukhuleni emgqeni ophakathi, njengoba ikwazi ukumelana kakhulu ne-late blight.
Ngiyaqaphela ukuthi zonke lezi zinhlobonhlobo zisheshe zivuthiwe futhi ziphakathi zakuqala. Esifundeni sakithi, kungcono ukukhulisa izinhlobonhlobo zala maqembu, ngoba ngokumelene nesizinda sesomiso, i-peel yezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane kwakhiwa isikhathi eside (isikhathi eside kunokuba kungaba nomswakama ovamile). Ezinhlotsheni ezivuthwa sekwephuzile (nenkathi yokukhula yezinsuku ezingaphezu kuka-120), ikhasi alinaso isikhathi sokwakheka, futhi izilimo eziyizigaxa zilimale kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuvuna.
Ama-Motion vectors
Umsebenzi wokwakha izinhlobonhlobo uqhubeka isikhathi eside, futhi ngokuvamile phakathi nalesi sikhathi imakethe idinga ushintsho. Manje ngingasho ukuthi ukube uhlobo lwe-Courtney lwaluvele eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, lwaluzobonwa ngendlela ehlukile. Namuhla, ithandwa kakhulu ngabahlali basehlobo, ikakhulukazi labo abangenalo ithuba lokunisela iziza zabo, njengoba inikeza isivuno kunoma yiziphi izimo. Kodwa kubakhiqizi bezolimo besimanje, abasetshenziselwa ukusebenzisana nezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu zaseYurophu, ukwethulwa kwe-tuber kubaluleke kakhulu: isikhumba esibushelelezi, isimo esikhangayo. Ngakho-ke, sisanda kugxila kulo msebenzi.
Inkinga yesibili esisebenza kuyo ukumelana nezilimo eziyizigaxa ekulimaleni komshini. Kuze kube sekuqaleni kwawo-2000, le nkomba ayizange idlale indima enkulu, ngoba amazambane ayevunwa ngesandla cishe yonke indawo. Kodwa-ke kwaqala umshini oqinile wazo zonke izinqubo, futhi ngaleso sikhathi kwacaca ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zaseRussia zazingafaneleki ukuvunwa ngokuhlanganisa kanye nomsebenzi wokuthengisa ngaphambili ku-conveyor. Ezindaweni ze-Middle Volga, lolu daba lusenzima kakhulu, ngoba ngesikhathi sesomiso umhlaba woma kakhulu, amafomu egaxa, nokulahlekelwa ngesikhathi sokuvuna kungafinyelela ku-60%, akukho mnotho ongakwazi ukumelana nalokhu.
Enye i-vector ukwakhiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezinesitashi esiphezulu. Esifundeni sethu, inkathi yokukhula ayinde kakhulu, kodwa ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphezulu, amazambane akwazi ukuqoqa isitashi esiningi. Ngithemba ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwesitashi ezweni lakithi maduze kuzofinyelela ezingeni elisha, futhi izinhlobo ezinesitashi esiphezulu zizodingeka, nakuba sisathola izicelo zamazambane anjalo ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ngeke kube mnandi kangako ukwenza izinhlobo ezizocutshungulwa zibe ama-chips namafrimu. Izitshalo ezinkulu zokucubungula ezisebenza eRussia manje sezisebenza nezinhlobonhlobo zakwamanye amazwe, cishe awekho ama-analogue asekhaya. Kodwa lokhu kuzodinga ukulungiswa okuphelele kohlelo olukhona lokuzalanisa. Sicabanga ngakho, sithathe izinyathelo ezithile - njengendawo yokugcina ikusasa. Kodwa kune-caveat eyodwa: kufanele ucabangele ukuthi izimo zezulu zesifunda sase-Middle Volga azilungile ekukhiqizeni izinhlobo ezinjalo. Ukushisa okubukhali kugxuma, ukucindezeleka kunomthelela ekwandeni kokuqukethwe kokunciphisa ushukela kuma-tubers. Okusho ukuthi, amazambane akhiqizwe endaweni yeriphabhulikhi kungenzeka angabi yinto ephambili elungele ukwenziwa kwemikhiqizo yokugcina. Leli qiniso lenza umsebenzi wokukhetha ube nzima, kodwa ngokufanelekile singahlela ukuhlolwa kwamasampula ndawana thize kwenye indawo.
ukukhethwa kwemvelo
Enye yezindawo ezibalulekile zomsebenzi wethu namuhla ukuzalanisa kwemvelo (okuguquguqukayo): sihlola amasampula ethu okuzalanisa ezifundeni ezihlukene (kuze kube manje eduze, okufinyeleleka kochwepheshe bethu). Izindawo zeziza zokuhlola zabelwe thina ngamapulazi amakhulu amazambane anentshisekelo ezinhlobonhlobo ezintsha ezithembisayo. Silungisa ukuthi inhlabathi kanye nezimo zezulu kuthinta kanjani ukukhula kwezitshalo. Siphinde sithathe iziza eziniselwe bese sihlola ukuthi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zisabela kanjani ezingeni eliphezulu lobuchwepheshe bezolimo.
Kusobala ukuthi namuhla akekho otshala amazambane emkhakheni wezimboni ngesizinda esincane - ngaphandle komanyolo, njll., ngoba akusizi ngalutho kwezomnotho. Abafuyi bayakucabangela lokhu futhi.
Amathemba okuthuthukiswa
Ukuqhubekela phambili, ukuqaliswa kwazo zonke izinhlelo kuyashesha uma ososayensi bezwa ukusekelwa umbuso.
Ngo-2020, uMnyango wezeMfundo kanye neSayensi waseRussia wamemezela umncintiswano wamaphrojekthi wokukhetha nokukhiqiza imbewu kanye nezikhungo zokukhetha nokuzalanisa. Kwakhethwa iphrojekthi yeKazan Scientific Center ye-Russian Academy of Sciences, futhi ngo-2021 saqala ukuyisebenzisa.
Izimali ezinkulu zabelwa ukuhlomisa lesi sikhungo, sakwazi ukuthenga izinto zaselabhorethri ukuze kuhlolwe izakhi zofuzo ze-biochemical kanye ne-molecular; imishini yokutshala nokuvuna amazambane.
Namuhla, ososayensi bethu babhekene nomgomo wokuqinisa amandla enhlangano entsha yesayensi ukuze ikwazi ukuxazulula ngempumelelo izinkinga zokudala nokusabalalisa izinhlobo ezintsha.
Okwamanje, sigxile ekuzaleni: minyaka yonke senza ukuhlolwa kwemvelo nokuma kwezindawo zezinhlobo ezintsha ezingama-30-50 nama-hybrids amazambane; izinhlobo ezine zamazambane zingaphansi kokuhlolwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zikahulumeni.
Ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kokwethulwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha nentuthuko yesayensi ochungechungeni lokukhiqiza amazambane, sibheka ithuba lokwakha uhlaka lwezentengiselwano oluhlukile esikhungweni sokukhetha nembewu (noma inkampani esebenza ngokubambisana nenhlangano yesayensi), obungathatha ukukhiqizwa kabusha nokukhuthazwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha . Nakuba lolu daba luhlala lusezingeni lokuxoxisana, kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho imiphumela ivela, sizokhuluma ngayo nakanjani.
Ithimba lethu lihlale livulekele ukubambisana okuzuzisayo.
K S