Okthoba 13, njengengxenye yoHlelo lwemicimbi esemthethweni yombukiso othi "Golden Autumn - 2012"м Ingqungquthela Yesibili Yesayensi Nengokoqobo Yenyunyana Yababambiqhaza Bemakethe Yamazambane Nemifino "Ukuncintisana Kwamazambane Asekhaya Nemifino Ekuhwebeni Kwezitolo" yenzeka.
Kuxoxiwe Izihloko ebezikule ngqungquthela bezigqame ngokwehlukana kwazo. Ingxoxo ibimayelana namafomu nezindlela zokwesekwa kwesabelomali sokukhiqiza izitshalo, ukuvuselelwa kokukhethwa kwasekhaya nokukhiqizwa kwembewu, ukuthuthukiswa kwemithethonqubo yezobuchwepheshe yamazambane nemifino, kanye nezinkinga namathemba okuthuthukiswa komkhakha wokucubungula kanye inombolo yezinye izindaba. Lolu hlelo lusivumela ukuthi sicabangele umcimbi ube yimpumelelo futhi unefomethi eminingi.
Manufacturing
Imfundiso Yokuphepha Kokudla ibeka ukuthi inani elilinganiselwe lesabelo sezinto zokusetshenziswa zasekhaya nokudla kumthamo ophelele wezinsiza zempahla emakethe yasekhaya kufanele okungenani libe ngama-95% amazambane. Ngokwezibalo, iRussia ikleliswe endaweni yesithathu emhlabeni ekukhiqizeni amazambane. Ngonyaka odlule, kwavunwa irekhodi lokusanhlamvu kwesibili - amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-32.
Ngokusho kwedatha ye-physiological, izinga elinconyiwe lokusetshenziswa kwamazambane kumuntu ngamunye ngonyaka selisungulwe ezingeni lika-95-100 kg, okungamathani ayizigidi eziyi-14 ngezidingo zabo bonke abantu bezwe ngaphandle kokubheka imfucuza, imbewu. isitokwe kanye nezidingo zemboni yokucubungula. Ngakho-ke, amandla okukhiqiza abakhiqizi bamazambane basekhaya aqinisekisa ukuvikeleka kokudla kwezwe cishe ngo-100%.
Kule nkathi yamanje, indawo okutshalwa kuyo amazambane yahlala isezingeni langonyaka odlule. Uma sibheka umkhakha wokukhiqiza amazambane ngokwengqikithi yabahlanganyeli bemakethe, singabona ukuthi indawo enkulu yokutshala, i-83% (amahektha ayizigidi eziyi-1,8), iwela ezindlini; Amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-231 atshalwe ngezinhlangano zezolimo ezincane nezinkulu. , noma u-10%. Ngeshwa, ukwethembeka kwezibalo zezakhiwo ezingaphansi komuntu akukwazi ukuqinisekiswa, kodwa nokho, ochwepheshe bathi esikhathini esizayo isabelo sezindawo ezingaphansi komuntu siqu ekukhiqizeni sizokwehla, futhi izidingo zabantu zizohlangatshezwa ngamabhizinisi emkhakheni ohleliwe.
Ngokwemininingwane yokusebenza evela eMnyangweni Wezolimo waseRussian Federation, kusukela ngoNovemba 6, 2012, izinhlangano zezolimo zezwe zazivune amazambane endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-226, okungama-98%, kanti ukuvuna kuqhubeka kancane. isivinini esisheshayo kunonyaka odlule. Imifino ivunwe i-89% yenani elihleliwe.
Izinhlangano zimbe amathani amazambane ayizigidi ezi-4 kanye namathani ayizigidi eziyi-1,5 emikhiqizo yemifino.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhiqiza kwehle ngo-11 c/ha kumazambane kanye no-32 c/ha wemifino uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule.
Ngokusho kwedatha yokusebenza, abaholi ekuthengweni kwemikhiqizo phakathi kwezifunda balawulwa yizifunda zeCentral Federal District; isivuno esikhulu samazambane siyaphawulwa esifundeni sase-Oryol - amathani angaphezu kwama-30/ha. Mayelana nemifino, isifunda saseMoscow sihola ekuvuneni kanye nesifunda saseVologda ngokuvunwa.
Ngokuqondene nokuba khona kwemikhiqizo engenisiwe emakethe yethu, kungaphawulwa ukuthi amazambane anikezwa minyaka yonke afinyelela kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-600-800, ngaphandle kwesikhathi esomile sika-2010-2011, lapho kungeniswa amathani amazambane amasha angaba yizigidi eziyi-1,5. zibiza ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-730 zamaRandi.
Phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yalo nyaka, cishe amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-400 amazambane ahlinzekwa eRussia.
Abathengisi abakhulu: Egypt, Netherlands, Azerbaijan, Saudi Arabia kanye neChina. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwamazambane amasha aseRussia kusuka kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-40 kuye kweziyi-130. Umthumeli omkhulu wamazambane ethu yi-Azerbaijan (amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-30, 72%, 2011).
sokufuna ka
Ukunakwa okunganele kukhokhwa ekuthuthukisweni kohlelo lokubuyiselwa komhlaba wezolimo njengento eqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo okuzinzile ezweni lethu. Uma e-China isabelo somhlaba obuyisiwe sifinyelela ku-44,4%, eNdiya - 35,9%, e-USA -13,2%, khona-ke eRussia okwamanje indawo yokubuyiselwa komhlaba i-7,9% yendawo yokulima. Kuhlinzekwe wuHlelo Lombuso lowezi-2013-2020. uxhaso olufika ku-50% lokunxephezela izindleko zokubuyiselwa komhlaba alusebenzi ngokwanele. Ngokusho kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabakhiqizi bezolimo, abahlanganyeli bePotato Union, futhi yibo ababambiqhaza abakhulu abatshala izimali ezibalulekile ekubuyiselweni komhlaba, izindleko eziningi zihlala nabaxhumanisi, abaklami nabanye abantu.
Kunesibonelo sesifunda saseDmitrovsky esifundeni saseMoscow, lapho abanikazi belungisa, bakha kabusha, futhi bethuthukisa indawo entsha endaweni engamahektha angaphezu kuka-1200; imishini ekhethekile nemishini yathengwa, konke ngokwabo. izindleko futhi ngokwabo. Ngokohlelo olumenyezelwe, akukho ngisho indibilishi eyatholwa kwisabelomali sesifunda. Isamba esibalulekile sachithwa ekuklanyweni nasekulinganiseni imibhalo kanye nokuhlolwa kombuso - kusuka kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyi-12 kuya kweziyi-16,8 ehektheleni ngalinye! Kwesinye isikhathi kushibhile ukwakha kunokukhokha imali yesevisi neyokuklama.
Kuhlongozwa ukwethula uxhaso lwehektha ngalinye. Amabhizinisi ezolimo angakwazi ukwakha nokuklama esebenzisa imali ebolekiwe noma eyakhe, futhi athole uxhaso lwezindawo eziqaliwe. Ubukhulu bomxhaso bungaba ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10 ehektheleni ngalinye, elihambisana nokuhlinzekwa kwezinsiza ezigunyaziwe kanye nesilinganiso sokubikezela sezindleko zebhajethi ye-Federal. Lokhu kusekelwa okuhlosiwe kungase kusebenze njengesisusa sokwandisa inani lomhlaba obuyiselwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwesilinganiso esinjalo sokusekelwa kwesabelomali kuzokwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthuthukisa ngempumelelo ukubuyiselwa komhlaba emapulazini emifino futhi, okubaluleke ngokufanayo, ukuhambisana nenhloso ehlosiwe, njengoba izindawo ezisetshenziswa empeleni zingaphansi kokuxhaswa ngezimali, hhayi lezo. kufakwe kudatha yezibalo ebonakalayo.
Isitoreji
Ngokwemininingwane yokubalwa kwabantu kwezolimo, ngo-2006, amandla okugcina amazambane nemifino ngasikhathi sinye ayengamathani ayizigidi eziyisi-6,5, kuwo amathani ayizigidi ezi-4,4 (67%) abalwa ngamabhizinisi ezolimo amakhulu naphakathi nendawo. Phakathi nesikhathi esisukela ku-2007 kuya ku-2011, ezinye izindawo zokugcina izinto ezinomthamo ongamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-400 zagunyazwa. Ngakho-ke, namuhla sinesisekelo sezinto ezibonakalayo nezobuchwepheshe esivumela ukuthi sigcine amathani amazambane nemifino angaba yizigidi eziyisikhombisa.
Izimo eziqondile zokwesekwa kombuso kule ndawo ngaphakathi kohlaka loHlelo Lombuso 2013 azikaziwa okwamanje. I-Potato Union yaseRussia izofaka isicelo kuMnyango Wezolimo lapho uthuthukisa Imithetho Esalungiswa “elawula ukuxhaswa kwamazinga enzalo emalimboleko yokutshala imali (imalimboleko) ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo, ukucutshungulwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda kanye nempahla eqinisekisa izimakethe zemikhiqizo yezitshalo”, ihlinzekela ithuba lokuthola imali yokubolekwa kwempahla yokugcina impahla, okuhlanganisa neziqandisi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi idabuka kuliphi izwe. Futhi ukuhlinzeka, njengengxenye yokusekelwa kwezinhlelo ezibalulekile kwezomnotho zezinhlaka ezibambile zeRussian Federation emkhakheni wokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo kanye nokuqaliswa kwamaphrojekthi amasha endaweni yezimboni zezolimo, isinxephezelo esiqondile sezindleko ngethani ngalinye lokugcina ngesikhathi. ukwakhiwa kwamathange amasha okugcina.
Ukucubungula amazambane nemifino
Ngokwesiko, amazambane angomunye wemikhiqizo yokudla eyinhloko eRussia. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphansi kwezinto ezomile kumazambane e-tuber, ngesikhathi sokugcina isikhathi eside, ukulahlekelwa akunakugwenywa kokubili ekulahlekelweni kwemvelo kanye nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezifo.
Lokhu kulahlekelwa, kucatshangelwa ukuntuleka kwezindawo zokugcina zesimanje kanye nokungakwazi njalo kwamapulazi amancane naphakathi nendawo ukuba nezindawo zokugcina ezinjalo, kungafinyelela ku-25-30% wevolumu yamazambane ama-tuber agcinwe ukuze agcinwe. Indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokunciphisa kakhulu ukulahlekelwa ukucubungula amazambane abe yimikhiqizo yamazambane engagcinwa isikhathi eside (okungenani unyaka) ngenkathi kugcinwa inani lokudla okunempilo kanye nebhayoloji elitholakala kumazambane ama-tuber emkhiqizo ovelayo.
Ngesikhathi sokucubungula, kuyenzeka ukusebenzisa amazambane ama-tuber wezingxenyana ezingezona ezijwayelekile, ezivame ukungasetshenziswa nhlobo. Umthamo wamazambane anjalo ungaba ngu-15-20% wesivuno esiphelele samazambane.
Ngomkhuba wokuhola amazwe aseYurophu, isabelo samazambane asetshenziselwa ukucubungula sisuka ku-30 siye ku-80%. E-Russia, i-2% kuphela yemikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo iyacutshungulwa.
Ngenxa yokumiswa kwezibonelelo kanye noxhaso ezinkampanini ezicutshungulwa yizimboni, amandla amaningi kanye namandla ezinkampani ezikhiqiza isitashi samazambane ehle izikhathi ezi-1990 esikhathini sika-1995-5 futhi eminyakeni yamuva nje aqale ukubhekana nezinkomba ze-pre-perestroika.
Ngo-2011, cishe amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-35 emikhiqizo yamazambane ebiza izigidi ezingama-31 zamarandi angeniswa emakethe yethu, futhi kule minyaka emihlanu edlule, amanani entengo yesitashi samazambane avela kwamanye amazwe acishe aphindeka kabili.
Enye yezindawo ezithembisayo zokuthola imikhiqizo yamazambane ukukhiqizwa kwama-flakes amazambane. Lona umkhiqizo wemvelo wekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu osetshenziswa kakhulu ekuphekeleni emaqenjini ahleliwe, okuhlanganisa nezikhungo ezisekelwa ngokugcwele nguhulumeni. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-flakes amazambane kukuvumela ukuthi ushintshe amazambane emvelo lapho uhlela ukudla ezindaweni ezikude; ukuthutha nokugcinwa kwama-flakes akudingi izimo ezikhethekile, abesabi izinga lokushisa elibi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ikhilogremu eyodwa yamazambane amazambane angashintsha cishe amakhilogremu ayisikhombisa amazambane emvelo. Inqubo yokupheka ikhiqiza amazambane agayiwe angekho ngaphansi kwamazambane agayiwe enziwe ngamazambane amasha.
Njengamanje kunabakhiqizi abahlanu be-potato flake abasebenza eRussia. Isamba sokukhiqiza sika-2011 singamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-23. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, namuhla ngaphezu kwe-40% yenani eliphelele lama-flakes amazambane adliwe eRussia angeniswa. Okusanhlamvu kungeniswa ikakhulukazi emazweni e-EU. Ngenxa yenqubomgomo yezolimo exhaswe yi-EU kanye nezinyathelo zokukhuthaza abakhiqizi basekhaya, imikhiqizo yabathekelisi inenani elingcono kunemikhiqizo yasekhaya. Ukwengeza, ngenxa yezikhala ezamukelwe ngaphambilini emthethweni, iminyaka eminingana, imikhiqizo yamazambane engenisiwe yayihlinzekwa ngesisekelo sentela esingu-10%, kanti kumaphrosesa asekhaya izinga le-VAT lalingu-18%. Ngomzamo wamalungu eNyunyana futhi ngokusekelwa uMnyango Wezolimo, kwenziwa izinguquko ohlelweni lokulawula ngoMeyi walo nyaka, futhi ukungalingani kwaqedwa. Imakethe izosabela kanjani kulezi zinguquko? Imiphumela izogadwa futhi ihlaziywe ngokuhlanganyela namaphrosesa.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngaphansi kwemibandela yokungena ku-WTO, kuyadingeka ukuthatha isinyathelo esisodwa sokusekela ukucubungula kwasekhaya - ukunciphisa i-VAT kubo ku-10%.
Ukuzala nokukhiqiza imbewu
Izinga lemikhiqizo ehlinzekwa ukudayiswa lincike kakhulu kwikhwalithi yembewu. Amazambane angena ezinhlakeni zenethiwekhi futhi azogaywa akhuliswa ngama-99% embewu ebizayo evela kwamanye amazwe.
Cishe akukho ukukhethwa kwasekhaya kanye nokukhiqizwa kwembewu ezweni, kuyilapho uhlaka olukhona lokulawula nomthetho alunikezi ithuba lentuthuko. Isibonelo, awukho umqondo nezimfuneko zezindawo ezivikelekile zokukhiqiza amazambane, inani lezizukulwane nezimbewu zamazambane azalayo ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni kwezolimo, kanye nomthetho welungelo lobunikazi awunqunyelwe. Kudingekile ukumisa umthetho ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo zokukhethwa kwezifunda kanye nezindawo zokukhiqiza imbewu kanye nokunquma izinhlobo zokwesekwa kombuso. Abahlanganyeli bePotato Union bakholelwa ukuthi ukuphathwa kwalezi zinqubo akukwazi ukushiyelwa ezifundweni; umfelandawonye kufanele unqume imithetho, futhi izihloko kufanele ziqaphe ukusebenza kwamaphrojekthi kanye nezindawo ze-buffer. Lokhu kungase kube okuqondile, kodwa kubalulekile kumazambane.
Izinhlobo ezingama-318 zibhaliswe kuRejista Yombuso Yezimpumelelo Zokuzalela yaseRussia. Ngasikhathi sinye, azikho izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-40-45 ezisetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ekukhiqizeni. Izinhlobo eziyishumi ezidume kakhulu zitshalwa ku-70-80% yendawo ehlwanyelwe, futhi isabelo sezinhlobonhlobo zaseRussia kuyo singama-30% kuphela. Kunezinhlobo eziyi-167 zokukhethwa kweRussia kuRejista Yesifunda YeRussian Federation, okuyingxenye yenani eliphelele elibhalisiwe, kodwa kulezi, izinhlobo ezingama-20-25 kuphela ezisetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ekukhiqizeni ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zaseRussia.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kuRejista Yombuso yasekhaya i-7% yabelwa impumelelo yeRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus, kuyilapho izinhlobo zaseRussia zithatha u-2% kuphela; Izinhlobo zaseRussia cishe azimelwe kuma-analogue angaphandle weRejista yethu.Isixazululo somhlangano wesibili wesayensi nosebenzayo "Izinsiza zeGenetic kanye ne-agrotechnological zokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokudla namazambane ezobuchwepheshe", owabanjwa yiPotato Union eMoscow ngoMashi 2012, waphawula ukuthi naphezu kwabo bonke ubunzima nezinkinga, minyaka yonke abalimi bethu badala. , ilungelo lobunikazi kanye nerejista kuRejista Yombuso inani lezinhlobo ezintsha zamazambane, futhi ingxenye ebalulekile yazo isezingeni eliphezulu ngempela, futhi ngenani lemingcele idlula ngisho nezinhlobo zakwamanye amazwe. Izinhlobo zasekhaya zinezimo eziphakeme zokuzivumelanisa nezimo, ukumelana nesomiso, isifo esilimazayo sekwephuzile kanye nezinye izifo. Kodwa-ke, izikhungo zesayensi ngokuvamile azinayo imali "yokukhangisa" kwezohwebo futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, inhlangano yokukhiqizwa kwembewu yazo yokuqala kanye ne-elite, ngoba ayikho imali kahulumeni yokukhiqiza imbewu enjalo (lo msebenzi uhlukaniswa ngokomthetho. njengomsebenzi wezohwebo).
Ngakho-ke, ezikhathini eziningi amalungelo obunikazi ezinhlobo ezintsha aba “imihlobiso” kuphela yemibiko yezikhungo zesayensi, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana akhishwa buthule nangokungabonakali ekuvikelweni ngenxa yokungakhokhi imali yelungelo lobunikazi.
Ngenani elincane lezinkampani zembewu ezikhona eRussia, ezikhathini eziningi ezentengiso futhi ezingaxhumene neze ngokusemthethweni nabalimi nabanikazi bamalungelo obunikazi, akunanzuzo ngokwezomnotho ukukhangisa ngokuzimela ezimakethe, ukuthuthukisa, nokulawula izici zezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ezintsha ze abaqaphi basekhaya, nabo abadinga ukukhokha ama-royalties. Kulula kubo ukuthi basebenze nezinto ezivele yaziwa, eseziphelelwe yisikhathi futhi ngenxa yalokho ezitholakala esidlangalaleni zezinhlobo “zohlobo” ezidume kakhulu eziyi-10-30. Ukuthuthukiswa okubuthakathaka kokukhiqizwa kwembewu yasekhaya kanye ne-elite akuhlanganisi izidingo zabakhiqizi abakhulu, abaphoqeleka ukuthi bathenge izinto eziningi zembewu, ngokuvamile yokukhiqiza okuphansi, phesheya futhi bagxile ekukhuleni kwezinhlobo zangaphandle.
Ingozi ethile, ngokusho kwamalungu eNyunyana, ukungeniswa okukhulu kwenani elikhulu lamazambane embewu evela phesheya, okungaholela (futhi sekuholele) ekungenweni futhi kusakazeke eRussia inqwaba yezinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu zokuvalelwa ngaphandle. ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ze-pathogenic kanye ne-fungicide-resistant kanye nezinhlanga zamagciwane (i-blight sekwephuzile, i-bacteriosis, amagciwane).
Kubalulekile, ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kwesistimu yokuhlolwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zombuso kanye nokwamukelwa kwezinhlobo zangaphandle nokuvikelwa, ukulondoloza nokuqinisa izindlela zokuvikela inhlalakahle ye-phytosanitary yezwe. Amalabhorethri ayadingeka angakwazi ukuqapha izinguquko esakhiweni sabantu sezinto ze-pathogenic, ngokuyinhloko ulaka lwazo kanye nokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane.
Kuze kube muva nje, isici esibalulekile sokwesekwa kombuso ekukhiqizeni izitshalo kwaba ukuxhaswa kokukhiqizwa kwembewu esezingeni eliphezulu. Ngonyaka odlule, ukusekelwa kwezimali kokusetshenziswa kwamazambane aphezulu okuzala kwakusezingeni lama-ruble angama-7. ngekhilogremu ngayinye, eyafinyelela kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20-25. ngehektha ngalinye. Njengamanje, uMnyango Wezolimo waseRussian Federation ucubungula izinketho zokususa uxhaso lwamazambane ama-elite noma ukunciphisa ukwesekwa kube ngama-ruble angama-2-3. ikhilogremu ngayinye, okungukuthi, ukwesekwa kuyoba ruble ayizinkulungwane 6-10. ngehektha ngalinye.
Maqondana nalokhu, iNyunyana Yamazambane izocela uMnyango Wezolimo ukuthi uhlinzeke “Emithethweni yokuhlinzekwa nokusatshalaliswa koxhaso kusukela kusabelomali sombuso kuya kwisabelomali sezinhlaka ezingaphansi kweRussian Federation ukuze kusekelwe imikhakha ethile emincane yokukhiqiza izitshalo 2013” uxhaso lokuthenga i-super-super elite, super elite, elite potato imbewu, futhi ekuguquleni inqubo yokusabalalisa uxhaso lokuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kwembewu esezingeni eliphakeme, iqondise kabusha irisidi yabo evela kubathengi bembewu iye kubakhiqizi bazo.
Abakhiqizi bezolimo namanani okudayisa
Ukusungula umbuso ovumayo wabakhiqizi bezolimo ngokuxazulula udaba lwesabelo samazambane asekhaya nemifino emakethe yokudayisa, okuyincazelo yemithetho nezidingo ezisobala nezifanayo kuzo zonke izigaba zokusatshalaliswa komkhiqizo, kungenye yezinto ezibalulekile esikhathini eside. -ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi kwabaningi ababambe iqhaza emakethe. Kudingeka izindleko eziphansi nezinga eliphezulu ukuze uqhudelane nezinto ezithengwayo ezivela kwamanye amazwe. Ebusika balo nyaka, ngokocwaningo olwenziwa ngamalungu ale nyunyana, u-40% womthamo ubugcwele izimpahla ezithengwayo ezitolo, no-60% wenzuzo. Njengoba amazambane afuywayo abiza ama-ruble angu-10/kg, kanti amazambane angenisiwe abiza ama-ruble angu-50-60/kg. Ngamazambane abizayo angenisiwe, avame ukuba nekhwalithi engcono, apakishwe futhi awashwe, kunenzuzo enkulu ngamaketanga ukwenza ibhizinisi.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona okwanele okunikezwayo emakethe okuvela kubahlinzeki basekhaya abanekhwalithi efanayo nezinye izinkomba zabathengi. Kuyaphawulwa ukuthi umthamo wezimpahla kunethiwekhi awubuswa ngabakhiqizi, kodwa amafemu abathengisi ngokubamba iqhaza kwabantu abasebenza ngokuqondile kumanethiwekhi noma ekukhahleleni nabathengi.
Ngisho nangesikhathi sokuvunwa ngobuningi emaketangeni okuthengisa ahlinzeka ngamadolobha amakhulu, ikakhulukazi izifunda zaseCentral naseNyakatho-ntshonalanga, ingxenye yamazambane ethulwayo ayimvelaphi engeyona eyesiRussia. Amaketanga okuthengisa azimisele kakhulu ukusebenza nemikhiqizo engenisiwe ngenxa yengxenye yebhonasi ephezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaketanga okuthengisa asebenzisa izidingo zabo zekhwalithi nokwamukelwa kwemikhiqizo, okudala ubunzima ekulethweni kwemikhiqizo.
Ngo-Agasti, i-Potato Union yaqapha ingxenye yamaketanga okudayisa esifundeni saseMoscow. Phakathi nenkathi lapho amapulazi eduze kwaseMoscow eqala ukuvunwa ngobuningi bemikhiqizo, ukubusa kwezaqathi ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwabhalwa ngentengo engaba ama-ruble angu-35 ngekhilogremu. Ngasikhathi sinye, intengo ejwayelekile yokuthengisa yabakhiqizi besifunda yayingama-ruble ayi-13-15.
Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuqapha imakethe yamazambane nemikhiqizo yemifino, eyenziwa ngamalungu e-Potato Union ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokuqala zika-Okthoba, lokhu okulandelayo kwabhalwa: emashalofini ezitolo zamaketanga eMoscow, amazambane ahlanza ngentengo Ama-ruble angama-80 ngekhilogremu ahamba phambili ezingeni lama-50%. Amazambane angageziwe athengiswa ngama-ruble angu-17/kg. Izimpahla ezivela kwamanye amazwe zilinganiselwa ku-40% zamazambane ahlanziwe kanye nama-46% ezaqathi eziwashiwe.
Ngokwesilinganiso, kwezinye izifunda zaseRussia, amazambane ahlanziwe futhi angawashwanga enza isilinganiso esingu-50/50 futhi imikhiqizo engenisiwe ayikho okwamanje.
E-Europe, kusukela ngeminyaka yama-60s wekhulu leminyaka elidlule, umthetho obumbene we-RUCIP ubulokhu usebenza, uchaza yonke isethi yemithetho nemibandela yokuhweba ngamazambane amasha nemikhiqizo yemifino.
Ekusebenzeni kwamanje kwenkontileka, abahlanganyeli bemakethe yaseYurophu babeka imibandela eyisisekelo kuphela (inani, isikhathi, ukupakisha), kanye nemingcele esele yobudlelwano ilawulwa ngokubhekisela ku-RUCIP.
Ngeshwa, eRussia, amaketanga okuthengisa asebenzisa izidingo zawo zekhwalithi nokwamukelwa kwemikhiqizo, okudala ubunzima ngesikhathi sokulethwa. Inyunyana yabahlanganyeli beMakethe Yamazambane kanye Nemifino isilungele ukuvumelana ngesivumelwano esifanayo (imithethonqubo) ne-Association of Retail Trade Companies.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Potato Union izofaka isicelo kuMnyango Wezolimo ngesicelo:
- Yethula izichibiyelo kuMthetho Wombuso "Okuyisisekelo Sokulawulwa Kombuso Wemisebenzi Yezohwebo e-Russian Federation", uhlinzekela ukuthuthukiswa nokwamukelwa kwamazinga okusebenzelana phakathi kwabakhiqizi bezolimo nabadayisi (ngokwezidingo zekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, izinto zokusebenza, ukuqaliswa imithethonqubo yezobuchwepheshe);
- Shintsha Isimemezelo Sikahulumeni Wenhlangano YaseRussia yangomhla ziyi-15 kuJulayi, 2010 No. 530 ohlwini lwezinhlobo ezithile zemikhiqizo yokudla ebalulekile emphakathini (ukuthengwa kwenani elithile inhlangano yezomnotho ehileleke emisebenzini yokuhweba engavunyelwe khokha umholo) ngokuya ngokungezwa kwayo nemikhiqizo: amazambane ngokuya nge-GOST R 51808-2001, ama-beet ngokuya nge-GOST R 51811-2001, izaqathe ngokuya ngeGOST R 51782-2001, iklabishi ngokuya ngeGOST R 51809 kanye no-anyanisi ngokuya nge-GOST R 2001-51783;
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Faka ama-beet ohlwini lwezinhlobo ezithile zemikhiqizo yokudla ebalulekile emphakathini okungasethwa kuyo amanani aphezulu avumelekile okudayisa (Isinqumo Sikahulumeni Wenhlangano YaseRussia Yangomhla ziyi-15 kuJulayi, 2010 No. 530), njengokuwukuphela kwesivuno se-“borscht ” isethi engafakiwe ohlwini olungenhla .
Ukuncintisana kwamazambane asekhaya nemifino ekuhwebeni okudayisa kuncike esimweni samanje emakethe yamazambane yezwe futhi kuhlobene kakhulu nemiphumela yalezo zindawo zokusebenza ekukhiqizeni izitshalo njengokukhiqiza ngokwako, ukubuyisela kabusha, ukukhetha kanye nokukhiqizwa kwembewu, ukugcinwa kanye ukucubungula. Amanani okudayisa nawo athinta ukuncintisana kwamazambane nemifino. Ukuze kugcinwe izinzuzo zomkhiqizo wasekhaya emakethe, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yomkhakha wamazambane nemifino.
Idatha yezibalo ehlinzekwe yi-Potato Union of the Russian Federation kanye noMnyango Wezolimo waseRussia Federation