USergey Banadysev, Udokotela Wezesayensi Yezolimo, iNhloko yohlelo lokuzalela kweDoka-Gene Technologies LLC
Lokhu okubhaliwe yingcaphuno encane evela ku-S. I-Banadisev "Ukugcinwa kwamazambane embewu", okuphume kwasakazeka okuncane ezinyangeni ezimbili ezedlule.
Incwadi ifingqa futhi ihlaziye imininingwane yomhlaba wanamuhla mayelana nokucaciswa nezisekelo zethiyori, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe nobuthembisayo bokugcina amazambane embewu. Amazinga nezici zokusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezahlukahlukene zobuchwepheshe nezindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuphepha okuphezulu kwemikhiqizo kuqinisekisiwe. Kunikezwa izincomo zokuqeda izinkinga ngesikhathi sokugcina. Ukuhlaziywa kwezomnotho nokubuyiselwa kotshalomali kubuchwepheshe bokugcina besikhathi eside sekuhlaziyiwe.
Incwadi izoba wusizo kuwo wonke umuntu onentshisekelo esihlokweni sokuhlela ukugcinwa kwamazambane. Njengoba umbhali ephawula: "Ukuqonda ngobungcweti kwamakhanda kanye nochwepheshe bamabhizinisi akhula amazambane ama-nuances wokugcina kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokugcwele kwamakhono ezindlela zesimanje zobuchwepheshe kunikeza ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwikhwalithi yamazambane embewu kanye nezinga lokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane."
Umthamo wencwadi ungamakhasi angama-292.
Okuqukethwe:
Izici ze-1.Physico-biological nezinqubo ngenkathi kugcinwa imbewu yamazambane (amakhasi 6-69): inani lekhwalithi yamazambane embewu, amazambane njengento yokugcina, izisekelo zokugcinwa kwamazambane, iminyaka yobudala yembewu.
2. Izindlela zobuchwepheshe zokugcina amazambane embewu (kk. 70-171): ukulungiswa kwembewu yokubeka, amasistimu wokungenisa umoya osebenzayo, amakhaza ezobuchwepheshe, ukufudumeza nokushisa komoya, ukulawula ukuhluma nokuhluma, ukusebenza okuyisisekelo kobuchwepheshe.
3. Ukusebenza kahle kokugcinwa kwamazambane embewu (kk. 172-281): ubungozi nokulawulwa kwezinkinga zokugcina, izifo nokulimala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, inhlanzeko yesitoreji, izinga lobuchwepheshe lokugcina, umnotho wesitoreji.
Ukwengeza ukufakwa komoya okwengeziwe akufanele kusetshenziswe lapho kugcinwa amazambane embewu. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane, ngokusebenzisa ukuphefumula kanye nokuhwamuka okuqondile ekuphumuleni, kwakha umswakama womoya ocishe ufane nendawo esikhaleni se-intertubular - 92-93%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinkomba zirekhodwa ebugqineni bembobo ngokoqobo emizuzwini engu-7-10 ngemuva kokumiswa komoya osebenzayo, futhi kushintsha nje kancane ngaphansi kwethonya lomswakama womoya wegumbi lokugcina (ekujuleni kwamamitha angu-0,4-0,5 ekushiseni okufanayo ngomumo wokuphakama komphetho). Ngakho-ke, singakhuluma ngokuzilawula ngokwakho kombuso womswakama ngesikhathi sokugcinwa kwamazambane.
Ngakho-ke, lapho kusebenza amasistimu wokungenisa umoya osebenzayo, kuyadingeka ukuthi ubheke le ndawo futhi ungaphazamisi imikhiqizo yezitshalo zokuphefumula ukukhombisa izakhiwo zazo zemvelo, ngenkathi ihlinzeka ngokuvikelwa kumathonya angaphandle nokugcina umbuso wokushisa ozwakalayo kwezobuchwepheshe. Ukuphefumula okuqhubekayo nomoya owomile, kuzoholela ekulahlekelweni kwamanzi okungafuneki kwizilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nokulahleka kwe-turgor (ithebhu. eyodwa). Ngaso sonke isikhathi sokugcina, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokomisa, umoya omncane kufanele wenziwe kuphela uma kunesidingo, ulinganiselwe ngokuqinile.
Ithebula 1. Ukulahleka kwamanzi ngezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane emazingeni ahlukene okuphuza umoya kanye nomswakama ohlukile womoya osetshenzisiwe
Umswakama womoya 90% | Umswakama womoya 75% | |
35 | 0.047 | 0.097 |
70 | 0.093 | 0.192 |
105 | 0.138 | 0.286 |
Isikhathi sokugcina, lapho kungekho mswakama omningi odinga ukususwa ezilwaneni eziyizigaxa, izinyanga eziyisithupha (Novemba kuya ku-Ephreli). Lawa ngamahora angama-4320. Kuyo yonke imisebenzi, isikhathi esivamile somoya omncane singeqi emahoreni angama-200. Noma ngabe lesi sibalo siphindwe kabili, kuvela ukuthi i-90% yesikhathi lapho umkhiqizo wokugcina uphumule, okusho ukuthi usesimweni somswakama ofanele futhi onethezekile owenziwe amazambane uqobo. Ngakho-ke, noma ngabe usebenzisa umoya omile ngokwanele wokungenisa umoya omncane, ukwehla kwesisindo kunyuka ngo-1%. Into esemqoka ukuqhuba izikhathi zokungenisa umoya isikhathi esifushane.
Kumele futhi kuqondwe ukuthi umswakama womoya ongaphezulu kwama-80% uyathandeka kakhulu futhi awuholeli ekuphelelweni amanzi kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngesikhathi sokuphefumula kwesikhashana. Umswakama womoya ngesikhathi sokugcina amazambane ezifundeni eziningi zaseRussia awubalulekile kangako - 75-88% (ithebhu. 2) futhi ifaniswa nomswakama womoya osezikhungweni zokugcina eCentral Germany.
ithebula 2 . Isilinganiso senyanga somoya somswakama,%
Isifunda | |||||||||
september | Okthoba | Novemba | Disemba | СЏРЅРІР ° СССЊ | february | Mashi | Ephreli | kungenzeka | |
Isifunda saseKaliningrad | 82 | 85 | 87 | 87 | 85 | 84 | 80 | 75 | 72 |
Isifunda saseLeningrad. | 81 | 84 | 87 | 88 | 86 | 84 | 78 | 72 | 65 |
Isifunda saseSmolensk | 83 | 86 | 89 | 89 | 86 | 84 | 82 | 77 | 71 |
Isifunda saseMoscow | 80 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 81 | 77 | 69 | 66 |
Isifunda saseBryansk | 77 | 83 | 88 | 88 | 86 | 84 | 82 | 73 | 66 |
Isifunda saseLipetsk | 71 | 80 | 86 | 87 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 72 | 60 |
Isifunda saseSverdlovsk. | 76 | 78 | 80 | 80 | 78 | 75 | 74 | 67 | 58 |
Isikhungo saseJalimane. | 79 | 82 | 85 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 79 | 76 | 73 |
Kungani lokhu kuqhathanisa? Iqiniso ngukuthi ochwepheshe baseJalimane emkhakheni wokugcinwa kwamazambane bakubheka njengokungafanelekile ukusebenzisa umswakama owengeziwe lapho ugcina itafula futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, amazambane embewu. Futhi abaxoxi ngisho ngesihloko se-hydration. Kungenxa yesisekelo semithombo yesimo sezulu evumela ukusetshenziswa komoya wangaphandle onomswakama owanele ngokwanele wokungenisa umoya. Ebusuku, umswakama ohlobene nomoya entwasahlobo nasekwindla ukhuphuka ngama-20% uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi sasemini, ebusika, emazingeni okushisa aphansi - ngo-10% (ithebhu. eyodwa).
Ithebula 3. Umswakama ohlobene nomoya phakathi nosuku phakathi nesikhathi sokugcina amazambane,% (engxenyeni emaphakathi yeJalimane)
Septhemba | Okthoba | Kodwa ngi. | Dis | Januwari | Februwari | Mashi | Eph | |
1 | 89 | 89 | 87 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 85 | 85 |
3 | 90 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 86 | 86 |
5 | 91 | 90 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 87 | 88 |
7 | 89 | 90 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 87 | 87 |
9 | 79 | 84 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 82 | 77 |
11 | 69 | 74 | 81 | 84 | 83 | 82 | 74 | 69 |
13 | 64 | 69 | 77 | 81 | 80 | 77 | 69 | 64 |
15 | 63 | 69 | 79 | 82 | 80 | 77 | 68 | 62 |
17 | 67 | 75 | 84 | 85 | 83 | 81 | 71 | 64 |
19 | 78 | 83 | 85 | 87 | 86 | 85 | 77 | 71 |
21 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 82 | 79 |
23 | 87 | 88 | 87 | 88 | 86 | 87 | 84 | 83 |
Amathuba omoya onomswakama kakhulu eJalimane wokungenisa umoya angaphezulu kwama-30%, isb. ubukhulu obunjalo besikhathi sosuku ngomswakama womoya 91-100% (ithebhu. 4)
Ithebula 4. Amathuba esikhathi nomswakama ohlobene,% (enkabeni yeJalimane)
Umswakama isihlobo,% | Месяц | |||||||
Septhemba | Okthoba | Kodwa ngi. | Dis | Januwari | Februwari | UMar | Eph | |
Kuze kube yi-50 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 12 |
51-60 | 10 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 10 |
61-70 | 13 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 13 | 13 |
71-80 | 16 | 16 | 19 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 15 |
81-90 | 22 | 26 | 33 | 36 | 35 | 32 | 25 | 21 |
91-100 | 33 | 37 | 37 | 40 | 38 | 38 | 30 | 29 |
Akukho lwazi olunjalo olunembile ezifundeni zeRussian Federation esizindeni somphakathi, kepha amatafula ashicilelwe ukubalwa kwezinsuku izinsuku lapho umswakama ohlobene udlula khona i-80%. Esifundeni saseKaliningrad esisogwini ngesikhathi sokugcina, lezi zibalo zikububanzi obungu-10-22, esifundeni esisezingeni eliphezulu laseSverdlovsk - izinsuku ezi-4-18 ngenyanga (ngaphezulu ebusika, ngaphansi kuka-Ephreli-Meyi). Futhi lezi yizilinganiso zansuku zonke, umehluko phakathi kwemini nomswakama ohlobene nobusuku uyaqondakala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngokulawulwa okunembile kokusebenza kwe-CAB, izinsizakusebenza zomswakama womoya wemvelo zanele ngokwanele ukufaka umoya ezindaweni zokugcina amazambane.
Uma, ngaphansi kwethonya lokukhangisa kusuka kubahlinzeki bemishini futhi lapho uhlola lezi zinkomba, sisekhona isifiso sokufaka ama-humidifiers ekugcineni imbewu yamazambane, singancoma kuphela ukuthi ufunde ngokucophelela imibandela yokuthuthukiswa kwezifo zokugcina bese uqhathanisa ubungozi bokulahlekelwa yiphesenti elilodwa lesisindo nokulahlekelwa yikhwalithi yembewu.
Izinga lomswakama lomoya endaweni yokugcina akufanele livuse ukufingqana ebusweni bangaphakathi becingo naphezu kobuso bomkhiqizo. Umoya oswakeme kufanele ube nezinga lokushisa elingaphansi kwezinga lomfula ngaphambi kokungena kuwo, ukuze kungabikho ukufingqana. Ukuhlomisa izindawo zokugcina izinto ezinomswakama eRussia kuholela emiphumeleni edidayo, ngoba ebusika kunamazinga okushisa komoya aphansi kakhulu kunaseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Isibonelo, isilinganiso sokushisa sikaJanawari eJalimane ngu -1,2о C, nasesifundeni saseSverdlovsk -16,2оС. Kumswakama ophakeme ohlobene namazinga okushisa aphansi, isakhiwo sokugcina, umoya wokugcina noma umkhiqizo uqobo uvame ukupholisa ngaphansi kwephuzu lamazolo, okuholele ekunciphiseni. Ukulimala kwe-condensation kuphakeme kunokwehlisa isisindo. Ngakho-ke, ukulawulwa komkhawulo ophezulu wokugcwala komoya ngomswakama, iphuzu lamazolo, ukulinganiswa kwamazinga okushisa okungaguquguquki enanini lemikhiqizo nakuzungezile kuphakathi kwezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekwandiseni ukusebenza kahle kwesitoreji. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-humidification kubalulekile lapho kugcinwa amazambane obuchwepheshe emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, kepha noma kunjalo, kuvunyelwe kuphela ezindaweni zokugcina ezivaliwe kahle ezinekhono lokulawula izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwebanga lokunemba elingaphansi kuka-0,5 ° C. Akufanelekile ukusebenzisa umswakama lapho ugcina amazambane embewu namazambane amaningi etafuleni onobungozi besifo.