Masikhulise imifino evulekile - lesi yisiqubulo sokuthi cishe zonke izifunda zaseRussia zisondela esikhathini sokuhlwanyela kulo nyaka. Ngokumelene nalesi sizinda, ingabe abahlinzeki bembewu bayasibona isidingo esisheshayo semikhiqizo yabo?
Yiziphi izinhlobo namahybrids aziwa kakhulu kubalimi? Ingabe bukhona ubunzima ngokunikezwayo ngaphansi kwezigwegwe futhi yiziphi izinguquko emakethe okufanele sizilindele esikhathini esizayo esiseduze?
Konke lokhu sikhuluma no-Evgeny Medvedev, uMqondisi Jikelele we-PRESTIGE AGRO LLC.
I-PRESTIGE AGRO LLC isineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 ithengisa imbewu evela ezikhungweni zokuzalanisa ezingcono kakhulu zaseYurophu naseRussia.
– Evgeniy Vladimirovich, singasho ukuthi kulo nyaka inkampani yakho ithengiswe imbewu yemifino ngaphezulu? Ingabe kuzoba nemifino eningi ekwindla?
- Konke kuncike ekutheni ufuna ukuqhathanisa namuphi unyaka. Uma siqhathanisa amanani okuthengisa ale nkathi futhi ekugcineni, khona-ke kukhona ngempela ukwanda, futhi kubalulekile. Kodwa ngokwemizwa yami, u-2021 unyaka lapho ukuncishiswa kwendawo ngaphansi kweqembu lemifino kufinyelele ubuningi bayo eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule. Okungukuthi, iqiniso lokuthi imifino eminingi izotshalwa manje kunonyaka odlule ayiqinisekisi ukuthi sizothola insalela yomkhiqizo ekwindla.
- Yini ebangele ukuncipha kwesikhala ngo-2021?
- Lona umphumela wezinguquko ezenzeke emakethe phakathi neminyaka eyi-10-15 edlule.
Ngicabanga ukuthi abantu abaningi bakhumbula ukuthi, ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, ingqikithi yokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo yaqala kanjani ukushintsha eRussia. Ngaleyo minyaka, amaketanga okuthengisa ayethuthuka ngenkuthalo, futhi izimpahla ezivela ezimakethe zazihamba kancane kancane ziye ezitolo zamaketanga. Cishe ngo-2010, uguquko lwafika lapho amaketanga ezitolo eqala ukudlala indima enkulu kunezimakethe ekuthengisweni okuphelele kwemifino yeqembu le-borscht. Ngalesi sikhathi, izakhiwo ezinkulu zokubamba zaqala ukubonisa isithakazelo ekukhuleni imifino namazambane. Amasheya ezolimo asheshe asungula umkhiqizo, athatha indawo yamapulazi aphakathi nendawo. Kepha ibhizinisi ngalinye elikhulu lezolimo lahamba ngendlela yalo, iningi lazo likhiqiza izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene: amanye agxile ekukhuliseni izinto ezingavuthiwe zama-chips noma amafrimu ama-French, amanye ashintshela kokusanhlamvu noma ezinye izilimo. Kusukela ngo-2017, sibone ukulahleka konyaka kwendawo eqenjini le-borscht. Ake ngikunike isibonelo esithile: phakathi kwamakhasimende ethu kukhona inkampani enkulu esebenza ngokukhethekile ekukhiqizeni amazambane nezaqathi. Ekuphakameni kwesithakazelo emifino, bakhule izaqathe endaweni engamahektha angu-380, kodwa kusukela ngo-2017 baye banciphisa kancane kancane umthamo. Ngonyaka odlule babele izaqathi amahektha angama-70, umehluko ungaphezu kwezikhathi ezinhlanu!
- Futhi lesi yisimo sazo zonke izitshalo zemifino yesethi ye-borscht?
– Ngokwezinga elikhulu lokhu kusebenza emifino yezimpande. Ngokuhlukana, ngangikhetha iklabishi kuphela. I-Agricultural Holdings yayilungele ukusebenza ngamazambane, izaqathe, ama-beet, futhi ezimweni ezingavamile, u-anyanisi - okungukuthi, lezo zitshalo ezifanele ukuvunwa ngomshini. Bambalwa kubo abazimisele ukutshala iklabishi. Ngenxa yalokho, bambalwa abantu abasikhiqizayo nhlobo, futhi manje yilesi silimo esintula kakhulu emakethe, futhi amanani aso akhuphuka ngokushesha kakhulu.
– Kulo nyaka kube nzima kakhulu kubahlinzeki bembewu. Abakhiqizi bezolimo baqaphela ukushoda kwezinhlobo ezithile ezixubile emakethe. Yiziphi izizathu eziholele ekushodeni?
“Impela bekunezinkinga ngokuhlinzekwa kwezinhlobo ezithile ezixubile, kanti kwezinye bekudingeka sikhethe ezinye izindlela zokuzishintsha. Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokushoda ubhubhane. Ngo-2020, ngemuva kokwethuka, izinkampani ezinkulu zaseYurophu zavala iziza zokukhiqiza imbewu. Njengoba nazi, ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yezitshalo eziningi kuthatha iminyaka emibili, ngonyaka wokuqala isitshalo sikamama sikhula, ngonyaka wesibili imbewu iyavela. Ngo-2021, imbewu encane yaqoqwa, futhi lokhu kwaholela ebunzimeni. Ngethemba ukuthi amanani okukhiqiza azolulama ngonyaka ozayo, ehlobo eledlule izindawo zokukhiqiza imbewu bezivele zisebenza kakhulu noma zingaphansi.
Uma sikhuluma ngesimo emakethe yembewu ezweni lonke, khona-ke kulo nyaka inkinga yokushoda kwembewu ye-carrot isibe nzima kakhulu. Esikhathini esingangonyaka esidlule, iRosselkhoznadzor yethula amasheke engeziwe ezinhlamvu zembewu yekarothi engenisiwe ukuze kutholakale ukuthi i-bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (i-agent eyimbangela ye-Zebra chip disease). Ngenxa yalokho, eminye yemikhiqizo ayizange ingene emakethe yaseRussia, okwandisa isimo sokushoda. Lesi simo asizange siyithinte ngokuqondile inkampani yethu, kodwa amakhasimende amasha eza kithi ayengakwazi ukuthenga imbewu kwabanye abahlinzeki bempahla.
Yiqiniso, akekho noyedwa kumakhasimende ethu amasha noma avamile owasala ngaphandle kokutshala impahla, kodwa inkathi - kucatshangelwa konke okungenhla, kanye nokubambezeleka kwempahla kanye nokukhokha - kwakungelula.
– Ingabe amakhasimende awethuswa amanani amasha embewu? Ngicabanga ukuthi uphoqeleke ukuthi unyuse izindleko zemikhiqizo ngenxa yokweqa kwamazinga okushintshaniswa kwemali?
- Amanani aphakanyisiwe, kodwa asevele ehlisiwe. Sekuyiminyaka sisebenza namakhasimende, asikho isifiso sokuzuza kuwo. Yebo, sibe nezinto ezilethwayo ezifinyelela inani eliphakeme lokwenyuka kwamazinga okushintshanisa, futhi saphoqeleka ukuba sithengise lezi zimpahla ngenani eliphakeme kakhulu. Kodwa sathengisa lezo zimbewu ezalethwa eRussia ngaphambi komhla zingama-24 kuNhlolanja ngaphandle kwenkokhiso eyengeziwe.
Okwamanje, sisenezinto ezinhlobonhlobo zethu ezibizayo - kulezo ezifike ekuqaleni kukaMashi. Kodwa uma ubonisa “izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi esibhedlela,” izinguquko ezintengo azisho lutho.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona ukuqonda ukuthi ngonyaka ozayo bazokhula nakanjani. Ake siqale ngeqiniso lokuthi ukwehla kwamandla emali kuyashesha hhayi eRussia kuphela, kodwa naseYurophu. Iminyaka eminingi, ukwehla kwamandla emali emazweni aseYurophu kwahlala ezingeni lika-1-2%. Izinkampani eziningi zikhuphule amanani njalo eminyakeni emibili, ngo-2% ofanayo, futhi kubahlinzeki bethu umehluko wawungabonakali. Manje, ngokusho kwedatha esemthethweni, ukwehla kwamandla emali endaweni ye-euro kufinyelela ku-12%, futhi umaka onjalo ngeke usashaywa indiva.
Okwesibili, i-logistics ibiza kakhulu. Isibonelo, ngaphambilini izindleko zokulethwa kwempahla ngemoto zivela eFrance noma eHolland zaziphakathi kwama-euro ayizinkulungwane ezingu-3,5-4, manje azikho ngaphansi kwama-euro ayizinkulungwane ezingu-8-9. Ngembewu, ngokungafani namazambane, umanyolo nezinye izimpahla ezinzima, lokhu akuyona ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yentengo yomkhiqizo wokugcina, kodwa futhi kufanele kucatshangelwe.
Futhi lokhu nje "isihloko se-iceberg". Singaqagela kuphela ukuthi yiziphi izinkinga esizobhekana nazo ekuqaleni kwesizini entsha yokuthengisa.
- Ungakwazi yini ukugqamisa noma yiziphi izinguquko kokuncanyelwayo kwamakhasimende kule sizini? Ngezwa, isibonelo, ukuthi iketango lokudayisa X5 income ukuthi abakhiqizi bezolimo banake kakhulu izinhlobo zezaqathi ezimise okwe-cone.
- Izitayela eziyinhloko emakethe yaseRussia eminyakeni yamuva: ukwenza lula nokuhlanganiswa. Amapulazi alwela ukuzuza ubuningi bemishini yezinqubo kanye nokunciphisa inani labasebenzi. Izindawo zezolimo zisebenzisa izinto zokusebenza ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, izivuni zezaqathi ezifanayo (okuhlanganisa ezizihambelayo, ezinemigqa emibili emithathu), nokho, le mishini ivame ukusetshenziswa abantu abangaqeqeshiwe kahle. Ukuhlanza kwenziwa ngokushesha futhi kanzima. Konke lokhu kuphoqa abalimi ukuthi bakhethe ukutshala izaqathe zohlobo lwe-Chantanay (ezifana ncamashí nokwakheka kwazo); azingenwa kalula yingcindezi yemishini, kodwa lena akuyona inketho ekahle kakhulu mayelana nokunambitha, impilo yeshalofu, kanye nesivuno.
Singanikeza abathengi amahybrids aqinisekisa isivuno esiphezulu (30-40%), kodwa ngokuvuna okunjalo ukulahlekelwa kuzoba okufanayo ngo-30-40%. Lokhu kunikezwe lapho sihlala khona, ngakho-ke izinhlobo ezifana ne-Chantanay zanda ngokuduma minyaka yonke.
Enye indlela esikhundleni se-Chantane uhlobo lwe-Kuroda; ukulahlekelwa ngesikhathi sokuvuna ngomshini oqinile kungaphezulu kancane, kodwa isivuno, impilo yeshalofu kanye nokuwasha kungcono kakhulu.
Isidingo sezinhlobonhlobo ezithile besilokhu sikhula ngokuhamba kweminyaka. Izaqathi zokuqala ezikhiqizwa eRussia zifika emashalofini esitolo ukusuka eningizimu yezwe. Kulezi zifunda, ngenxa yenhlabathi kanye nezimo zezulu, wuhlobo lweShantanay olufaneleka kakhulu ukulinywa, ngaleyo ndlela imakethe iyajwayela futhi “isheshise” ibheke eShantanay. Kodwa lezi izaqathi azihlali kahle. Ngemuva koNyaka Omusha, kuba noshintsho lapho imakethe ishintshela ezinhlobonhlobo ze-Kuroda ne-Nantes. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zokugcina zibhekwa njenge-premium kumaketanga okuthengisa. Njengomthetho, izindawo ezinhle kakhulu eshalofini lemifino esitolo zigcinelwe izaqathi ezitshalwe futhi zivunwa ngesandla esifundeni saseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga (imvamisa isifunda saseNovgorod, ama-peat bogs), noma ama-Israel ahlanziwe. Kuzo zombili izimo sikhuluma ngezinhlobonhlobo zeNantes.
Ngokuqondene nezinye izitshalo, yonke into isezingeni: abantu bafuna izitshalo zingaguli kangako, zikhiqize isivuno esicebile, futhi imikhiqizo igcinwe kangcono.
- Namuhla kunezinkulumo eziningi mayelana nesidingo sokuthuthukisa ukukhetha kwasekhaya. Mhlawumbe ezinye zezikhundla zaseYurophu ozinikeza amakhasimende namuhla zingashintshwa ngesiRashiya?
- Ngingajabula kakhulu ngokuchuma kokukhethwa kwasekhaya. Kukhona abalimi abanamakhono kakhulu abasebenza eRussia, bathola imiphumela emihle kakhulu. Kunezitshalo iRussia engakwazi ukuqhudelana ngazo ngokulingana ne-Europe, kodwa aziyona into esemqoka ekuqinisekiseni ukuvikeleka kokudla. Ngingabala izinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu ze-dill, ukhukhamba; Iyabonakala inqubekelaphambili maqondana namazambane, kanti umsebenzi uyaqhubeka ngeklabishi. Kodwa cishe yonke ivolumu yeminye imifino efakwe eqenjini le-borscht ezweni lakithi ikhuliswa embewu engenisiwe.
Ngokombono wochwepheshe, kuyamangaza kakhulu ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo zezitshalo nama-hybrids ngezwe. Kunezinkampani ezimbalwa kuphela ezinkulu zokuzalanisa emhlabeni, zonke zisebenza emazwenikazi ahlukene futhi cishe ziboshelwe esifundeni esithile. Bonke banomlando omude (ngaphandle kokungavamile, amakhulu eminyaka ubudala), okungukuthi, umsebenzi wokudala izinhlobo ezithile kanye nama-hybrids amashumi eminyaka kwenzeka lapho. Kutshalwe imali eningi, izingqondo ezingcono kakhulu ziyaheha. Kunokuncintisana okukhulu phakathi kwalezi zikhungo zokukhetha; ngenxa yalokho, abathengi bathola impumelelo engcono kakhulu yokukhethwa kwesimanje.
I-assortment yenkampani yethu, ngokwesibonelo, ihlanganisa amakhulukhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zaseYurophu kanye ne-hybrids yezaqathi, kodwa yizinto eziyi-10-15 kuphela ezidingekayo. Njengomthetho, lezi yizinto ezibiza kakhulu, ngakho kungani abakhiqizi bezolimo bezimisele ukufaka izindleko ezinjalo?
Ake sithathe izinhlobonhlobo ezivamile zezaqathi, ezadalwa eminyakeni embalwa edlule, kanye ne-hybrid yesimanje ephumelela kakhulu yesitshalo esifanayo. Phakathi kwabo nangaphambi kokuba imali igxume kube nomehluko obaluleke kakhulu enanini, izikhathi ezinhlanu kuya kweziyishumi.
Imbewu ye-carrot ehlukahlukene ngehektha elilodwa ibiza phakathi kwama-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1-10, kanye nembewu ye-hybrid - evela enkampanini efanayo yokukhiqiza - kakade ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-12. Kodwa isivuno sizophinde sihluke okungenani ngama-t/ha angama-80, futhi amathani angama-20 asevele engaba ngama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20. Ake sicabange ukuthi amanani embewu akhuphuke ngo-300%, okungukuthi, esikhundleni sama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-25. umkhiqizi wezolimo uzophoqeleka ukuba asebenzise ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyi-80, kodwa ngisho nalokhu uzozuza. Futhi sasicabangela kuphela izindleko zembewu futhi sicabange ukuthi isivuno sizothengiswa ngokuqondile ensimini. Kodwa kunezinye izici: isibonelo, uma umlimi ethenga ingxube engazweli ezifweni, wonga emikhiqizweni yokuvikela izitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impilo yeshelufu ye-hybrid yesimanje ngokuvamile iba yinde kakhulu kunenhlobonhlobo evamile.
Umsebenzi omkhulu womkhiqizi wezolimo wukwenza imali, ngakho ufuna imbewu ezomvumela ukuthi enze lokhu.
- Yini, ngokubona kwakho, evimbela ukukhiqizwa kwama-hybrids anjalo eRussia?
- Izinto ezintathu nje. Okokuqala: okwamanje ezweni lakithi akukho neyodwa (ngokwazi kwami) indawo ehlanzekile yokutshala imbewu (hhayi eqinisweni, kodwa ezingeni lomthetho). Kodwa le nkinga ingaxazululwa ngokuphelele.
Owesibili unzima kakhulu: eRussia, ngenxa yesimo sezulu, azikho izindawo eziningi lapho imbewu yemifino ingakhiqizwa khona. Yiqiniso, lo msebenzi ungenziwa ngisho nasenkabeni yeMoscow - endaweni yokushisa, njengoba i-Timiryazev Academy yenza, kodwa izindleko zembewu enjalo zizoba phezulu kakhulu, izikhathi eziningi ngaphezu kwalezo Dutch noma French. Sidinga izindawo ezikhethekile lapho imbewu ingatshalwa khona emhlabathini ovulekile. Kwezinye izitshalo (ngeshwa, hhayi zonke!) izindawo ezinjalo zikhona. Isibonelo, phakathi neminyaka yamaSoviet, imbewu yeklabishi yatholwa ngempumelelo eDagestan. Ungazama ukuvuselela ukukhiqiza, kodwa lokhu kuzodinga ochwepheshe, imali eningi nesikhathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, emhlabeni wonke, imbewu yeklabishi itshalwa ngoku-oda kwabalimi ezindaweni ezikhethekile esiqhingini. I-Tasmania, Chile ne-Argentina, lo mzila awudingi abasebenzi abaningi futhi ubiza kakhulu.
Futhi eyesithathu, eyinhloko. Ukukhetha kuzothatha iminyaka.
Ngelinye ilanga ngathola incazelo elandelayo: “Cabanga nje ngingumfuyi futhi nginesu elicacile lomsebenzi wansuku zonke elingenaphutha. Kodwa nginezinhlobo zezitshalo zasendle kuphela enginazo. Kungathatha iminyaka engu-40 ukwenza ingxube yesimanje.” Futhi kuyiqiniso. Ngokwemvelo, akekho osebenza njengalokhu manje, abafuyi bawela imigqa yesimanje, kodwa ngisho nalapho ososayensi benemigqa esenziwe ngomumo ezokwenza i-hybrid enhle, umphumela ngeke uvele ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-6-8.
Futhi lokhu ukukhetha kuphela, ngaphandle kweminyaka emibili eyengeziwe yokubhaliswa nokukhiqizwa kwembewu.
Ngiyaphinda, eRussia kukhona abalimi abanamandla kakhulu, banezimpumelelo zabo, kodwa ngisho noma beqala ukutshala imali kule ndlela manje, umthengi ngeke athole i-hybrid ayidingayo ngesizini ezayo, futhi ngonyaka, noma ngisho. kwezinhlanu.
– Yini okufanele siyilungiselele esikhathini esizayo?
- Izwe lizoqhubeka nokwandisa indawo yokulinywa kwemifino yeqembu le-borscht, nakuba kuzothatha eminye iminyaka emithathu ukufinyelela ibhalansi yonyaka ophakeme ka-2017. Imakethe ngeke ikwazi ukusimama ngesizini eyodwa noma ezimbili. Futhi sizozama ukunikeza abakhiqizi bezolimo imbewu yezinga eliphezulu, futhi sesivele senza yonke imizamo yokwenza lokhu.
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