Isifunda saseNyakatho Caucasian Federal sihlanganisa izihloko eziyisi-7 zomfelandawonye:
• IRiphabhulikhi yaseDagestan,
• IRiphabhulikhi yase-Ingushetia,
• I-Kabardino-Balkarian Republic,
• I-Karachay-Cherkess Republic,
• I-Republic of North Ossetia - Alania,
• I-Chechen Republic,
• Isifunda sase-Stavropol.
Territory: 172,4 izinkulungwane zamamitha skwele km
Abantu: Abantu abayizi-9 967 301, abangu-49, 91% kubo bangabahlali basemakhaya.
Isikhundla sendawo: eningizimu yengxenye yaseYurophu yaseRussia, izingxenye ezimaphakathi nasempumalanga yeNyakatho yeCaucasus.
Isimo sezulu: emathafeni - i-continental, yomile. Emagqumeni - alinganiselayo futhi anomswakama, ezintabeni - apholile ngokulinganayo, ezitsheni - afudumele. Ubusika abunaqhwa, ihlobo lomile futhi liyashisa. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile likaJanuwari lingu -3,2°C (kufika ku -10°C ezintabeni), +20,4°C ngoJulayi (kufika ku +14°C ezintabeni). Imvula ingamamilimitha angu-300-500 ngonyaka (emathafeni), ezindaweni eziphansi - ngaphezu kwamamilimitha angu-600.
Ukukhulula: iningi lendawo lihlala indawo ye-steppe (ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho nezimaphakathi zesifunda). Indawo ephansi yentaba iseningizimu futhi isuka enyakatho-ntshonalanga iye eningizimu-mpumalanga, kancane kancane iguquke ibe yizintaba zeCaucasus.
Inhlabathi: 26% - inhlabathi ye-chestnut ne-complexes, inhlabathi ye-meadow-chestnut, ngaphezu kwe-25% - inhlabathi ye-chernozems kanye ne-meadow-chernozem. Ngaphezulu kuka-6%
thatha inhlabathi ye-meadow, ikakhulukazi i-solonetsous ne-solonchakous, ngaphezu kuka-4% - onsundu kanye ne-meadow-brown, enye i-3% - i-floodplain
inhlabathi. Izihlabathi zakha ngaphezu kwe-4% yendawo yesifunda, i-solonetzes ne-solonchaks - ngaphezu kwe-1%. Ngaphezulu kwe-7% yesembozo senhlabathi imelelwa ama-burozem, angaphezu kuka-20% - yinhlabathi yentaba-emigwaqweni kanye ne-mountain-meadow-steppe (idatha evela ku-Information System "Soil Geographical Database of Russia").
Indawo yezolimo: 3153847 ha.
Ezolimo - omunye wemikhakha ehamba phambili yomnotho wesifunda (indawo yesine phakathi kwezifunda zeRussian Federation ekukhiqizeni imifino, okusanhlamvu
nemidumba: imifino engaba ngu-15,6%, okusanhlamvu okungu-10% nemidumba, amazambane angama-4,7% namabhitrudi kashukela).
Пizimo zezulu ze-ochvenno evumayo ezikhulayo amazambane. Kuso sonke isifunda, kungenzeka ukuthola izitshalo ezimbili ngesizini ngayinye. Izinkinga ezinkulu ezithiya ukukhula kwamazambane esifundeni saseNyakatho Caucasus Federal yilezi: ukuntuleka kwembewu yekhwalithi ephezulu yezinhlobonhlobo eziklanyelwe, ukuntuleka kwemishini yesimanje, nokushoda kwezindawo zokugcina.
IRiphabhliki yaseDAGESTAN
Indawo: 50,27 ayizinkulungwane square metres km
Itholakala emithambekeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yeGreater Caucasus kanye nengxenye yeCaspian lowland, ama-67% ale ndawo athathwa umhlaba wokulima.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo kunquma kakhulu indlela yokuphila yabantu abangaphezu kwengxenye yabantu: cishe ama-55% ezakhamizi zihlala
emaphandleni.
Amazambane e-Dagestan alinywa kuzo zonke izindawo zemvelo nezesimo sezulu, kusukela ezindaweni eziphakeme zezintaba ezifika ku-2500.
amamitha ngaphezu kolwandle, ukuya emathafeni aseCaspian ngaphansi kwezinga lolwandle lomhlaba (-28 m).
Ukukhiqizwa cishe kwe-98% yamazambane kugxilwe ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwabantu. Njalo ngonyaka, ngaphansi kokutshalwa kwalesi sitshalo ku
cishe amahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-19 abelwe i-republic (emapulazini azo zonke izigaba). Ngo-Okthoba 1, 2021, amazambane ayesevunwa kumahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-18,1 eRiphabhulikhi,
Amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-339,4 ambiwe ngesivuno samasentimitha ayi-187 ihektha ngalinye.
Izifunda ezikhula kakhulu amazambane yiLevashinsky (amahektha angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezi-3 ngaphansi kwamazambane), i-Akushinsky (amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezi-2,1), iKhasavyurtovsky (amahektha ayi-1430)
kanye ne-Buynaksky (1280 ha).
Emkhakheni ohleliwe, amahektha angama-2021 omhlaba olimekayo abelwe ukutshala amazambane ngo-400. Ngokusho kochwepheshe boMnyango Wezolimo Nokudla
E-Dagestan, ukuze kutshalwe lesi sitshalo ezindaweni ezinkulu, ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kuyadingeka, kanye nokutholakala kwemishini ekhethekile. Ukugqugquzela ukwanda kwezindawo ezitshala amazambane, umnyango uhlose ukuxhasa ingxenye yezindleko zemishini yezolimo ethengiwe.
Isithiyo esingathi sína ekukhuleni kwamazambane eRiphabhulikhi futhi ukuntuleka kwezinto zokutshala ezisezingeni eliphakeme. Inhlabathi kanye nezimo zezulu zase-Dagestan zivuna ukutshala amazambane embewu, okuhlanganisa nenhlangano yokukhiqizwa kwembewu eyisisekelo ngaphandle kwegciwane. Kodwa nakuba inani elikhulu lezinto zokutshala lifika eRiphabhulikhi livela kwezinye izifunda zeRussian Federation, ngokuvamile liyizinhlobo ezingezinhle nezingezona ezihlukene, ezithinta isivuno kanye nenani leqoqo.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi iningi lezindawo ze-republic, ngokuyinhloko umhlaba olimayo, zitholakala ezindaweni ezinomswakama onganele, lapho kungenakwenzeka khona ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini yezolimo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukuchelela. NgokoMnyango Wokuhlaziya weHhovisi Lomkhandlu Wenhlangano (I-Analytical Bulletin No. 4 (764), i-Dagestan ingenye yezifunda ezinkulu zomlando.
ezolimo ngenkasa, okuyinto akhawunti cishe 10% yawo wonke umhlaba ngenkasa in the Russian Federation. Indawo yonke eniselwa ngenkasa e-republic ingamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-396. Namuhla, cishe ama-70% okukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ze-republic akhiqizwa
emasimini aniselwayo. Isivuno samazambane atshalwe ngaphansi kokunisela sifinyelela ku-60-70 t/ha.
Ngokuya kwe-Dagestanstat (Territorial body of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Republic of Dagestan), kuzo zonke izigaba zamapulazi:
I-Год | 2018 | 1019 | 2020 |
indawo ehlwanyelwe ngaphansi kwamazambane, ha | 19818 | 18972 | 18000 |
isivuno esikhulu, amathani ayinkulungwane | 356,2 | 353,4 | 357,0 |
ukukhiqiza, c.ha | 179,8 | 186,3 | 186,2 |
I-KABARDINO-BALKARIAN REPUBLIC
12,5 izinkulungwane sq. km
Itholakala emagqumeni asenyakatho yengxenye emaphakathi yeCaucasus nasethafeni eliseduze. Ipulazi lithatha cishe u-55,8% wendawo. Isiqondiso esiyinhloko sokukhiqiza izitshalo ukutshalwa kwezinhlamvu kanye nezitshalo ze-leguminous.
Imiqulu eyinhloko yokukhiqiza igxile ezifundeni zaseZolsky, Prokhladnensky, Baksansky, Maysky naseTersky. Ngokusho koMnyango Wezolimo waseKabardino-Balkaria, cishe ama-52% ayo yonke imikhiqizo iwela emkhakheni wezimboni kanye nama-48% emapulazini azimele.
Ngo-2021, ngo-Okthoba 1, ngenxa yezimo zezulu ezinzima, isivuno savunwa kumahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-6,3 kuphela (emapulazini azo zonke izigaba), 110.
amathani ayizinkulungwane zemikhiqizo enesivuno esingu-173 q/ha. Izinhlangano zezolimo namapulazi abalimi bavuna amazambane endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-4, isivuno esikhulu saba amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-0,02 ngesivuno samasentimitha angama-0,7 ehektheleni ngalinye.
Izimo zenhlabathi kanye nezimo zezulu (izinga lokushisa, umswakama, imvula, ukungasabalala kwabathwali bezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, njll.) ezindaweni ezingaphansi nezintaba zeRiphabhulikhi zibhekwa njengezilungele ukutshala amazambane.
Ngokuka-Severo-Kavkazstat (Umnyango Wesevisi Yezibalo Zesifunda Sesifunda saseNyakatho Caucasian Federal District), e-Kabardino-Balkaria:
I-Год | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
emapulazini azo zonke izigaba | |||
indawo ehlwanyelwe ngaphansi kwamazambane, ha | 8400 | 8300 | 7900 |
ukukhiqiza, isikhungo/ha | - | 235,5 | 236,1 |
ezinhlanganweni zezolimo nasemapulazini abalimi: | |||
indawo ehlwanyelwe ngaphansi kwamazambane, ha | 2500 | 2800 | 2500 |
isivuno esikhulu, amathani ayinkulungwane | 87,9 | 103,8 | 93,4 |
Ukukhethwa nokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane yizindawo ezibalulekile zomsebenzi we-Institute of Agriculture ye-KBSC RAS. Ososayensi beSikhungo kanye neFederal Research Center for Potato eqanjwe ngalo A.G. I-Lorkha (eMoscow) ibambe iqhaza ekudaleni nasekuthuleni izinhlobo ezikhiqiza kakhulu ekukhiqizeni kwezolimo esifundeni. Njengomphumela womsebenzi ohlanganyelwe eminyakeni yamuva, izinhlobo ezinhlanu zamazambane ziye zavela, ezivumelaniswe nazo
inhlabathi yendawo kanye nezimo zezulu ezinesivuno esingamathani angama-30-35 ehektheleni: Goryanka, Nart-1, Zolsky, Musinsky kanye neNalchik. Zonke zifakwe kuRejista Yesifunda Yezimpumelelo Zokuzalela yeRussian Federation.
Umkhiqizi omkhulu wamazambane embewu eKabardino-Balkaria yiNkampani yeZolsky Potato.
Ukunakwa okukhulu eRiphabhulikhi kukhokhwa ekuthuthukisweni kokubuyiswa komhlaba.
KARACHAYEV-CIRCASSIAN REPUBLIC
14,3 izinkulungwane sq. km
Itholakala emagqumeni enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeCaucasus. Isabelo sabantu basemaphandleni singama-57,7%.
I-Karachay-Cherkess Republic yehluke kakhulu kwezinye izifunda zaseNyakatho yeCaucasus ngokwesakhiwo sendawo, ngoba
ngaphansi kwengxenye yensimu ilungele ezolimo - amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-786,9. Ngaso leso sikhathi, umhlaba olimekayo uthatha amahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-155 kuphela, noma u-26,6% womhlaba wokulima.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane okuyinhloko kugxile ezindlini.
Ngo-2021, amahektha ayi-7441 athathwa amazambane eKarachay-Cherkessia, okungamahektha ayi-6063 asekhaya, amahektha angama-936 asemapulazini abalimi, kanti amahektha angama-442 asezinhlangano zezolimo. Ngo-Okthoba 1, isivuno savunwa kumahektha angu-6245, amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingu-79,6 emikhiqizo atholwe ngesivuno sika-127,4 q/ha.
REPUBLIC OF NORTH OSSETIA - ALANIA
8 izinkulungwane sq. km
Itholakala maphakathi neNyakatho yeCaucasus. Umhlaba wezolimo ungamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-297,5, okuwumhlaba wokulima
- 183,7 amahektha ayizinkulungwane.
Izitshalo eziyinhloko zezolimo ezitshalwa eRiphabhulikhi okusanhlamvu nemifino, kanye namazambane.
Isizini ka-2021 yayinzima eNorth Ossetia, ngenxa yesimo sezulu, abalimi kwadingeka bashintshe kakhulu izinsuku zokuvuna. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ku
Lesi sifunda saba nokushoda okukhulu kwezisebenzi. Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-Okthoba 1, emapulazini azo zonke izigaba, amazambane avunwa endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-2,2.
ha, amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-34,6 avunwa ngesivuno esingu-157,1 q/ha. Umthamo ohlongozwayo wokuqoqwa ungamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-96,2. Emkhakheni wezimboni, amazambane ayavunwa
endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezi-0,2, amathani ayizinkulungwane ezi-3,5 avunwa ngesivuno esingu-226,8 q/ha.
Ngesizini ezayo, ngokwesibikezelo soMnyango Wezolimo Nokudla waseRiphabhulikhi, indawo yamasimu amazambane izokwenyuswa ngamahektha angama-900, okuzosiza ukwehlisa amanani entengo yemikhiqizo esifundeni.
INorth Ossetia ingesinye sezifunda ezihamba phambili eRussia ekukhiqizeni imbewu yamazambane. I-Fat-Agro LLC ingumkhiqizi oyinhloko wembewu yamazambane engenagciwane yezinhlobo ezikhethiwe kokubili ezikhethiwe zasekhaya nezangaphandle. Umthamo wemikhiqizo yembewu ekhiqizwe yi-Fat-Agro LLC idlula izidingo zeriphabhulikhi, ngakho-ke, ama-microplants, ama-microtubers, ama-minitubers, ama-elite kanye nembewu yokukhiqiza kokuqala kuthengiswa yibhizinisi ngaphakathi kwezwe nakwamanye amazwe. Ukukhiqizwa kokukhiqiza kabusha
imbewu yamazambane e-republic iphinde ihlanganyele e-Kadgaron-Agro LLC.
Ukwakhiwa kabusha komhlaba kuyathuthuka esifundeni, ngo-2021 kuhlelwe ukuthi kusebenze amahektha angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezi-2 omhlaba oniselwayo.
REPUBLIC OF INGUSHETIA
3,6 izinkulungwane sq. km
Itholakala emithambekeni esenyakatho yezansi zeGreater Caucasus Range (engxenyeni yayo emaphakathi) nasendaweni encane eseduze.
amagquma - Tersky, Sunzhensky kanye Skalist.
NgokukaSevero-Kavkazstat (Umnyango Wenkonzo Yezibalo Zesifunda saseNyakatho Caucasian Federal District), e-Karachay-Cherkess Republic:
I-Год | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
emapulazini azo zonke izigaba | |||
indawo ehlwanyelwe ngaphansi kwamazambane, ha | 8700 | 7800 | 7900 |
ukukhiqiza, isikhungo/ha | 123,8 | 107,9 | 104,9 |
ezinhlanganweni zezolimo nasemapulazini abalimi: | |||
indawo ehlwanyelwe ngaphansi kwamazambane, ha | 500 | 200 | 200 |
isivuno esikhulu, amathani ayinkulungwane | 4,0 | 3,4 | 1,7 |
ukukhiqiza, isikhungo/ha | 179,8 | 186,3 | 0,286 |
Iningi labantu (57,5%) lihlala ezindaweni zasemakhaya.
Indawo ephelele yomhlaba wezolimo e-Ingushetia ingaphezu kwamahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-150, cishe ingxenye yawo ingumhlaba olinywayo. I-republic igxile ekutshalweni kwezitshalo zokusanhlamvu (ukolweni, u-buckwheat, njll.), ubhekilanga, imifino namazambane.
Ngo-2021, indawo etshalwe ngamazambane emapulazini azo zonke izigaba yaba amahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-3,7.
Ngokuka-Severo-Kavkazstat (Umnyango Wesevisi Yezibalo Zesifunda Sesifunda saseNyakatho Caucasian Federal District), eRiphabhulikhi yaseNyakatho Ossetia-Alania:
I-Год | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
emapulazini azo zonke izigaba | |||
indawo ehlwanyelwe ngaphansi kwamazambane, ha | 5000 | 4300 | 4100 |
ukukhiqiza, isikhungo/ha | 99,3 | 89,2 | 96,1 |
ezinhlanganweni zezolimo nasemapulazini abalimi: | |||
indawo ehlwanyelwe ngaphansi kwamazambane, ha | 2800 | 2400 | 1100 |
isivuno esikhulu, amathani ayinkulungwane | 32,9 | 26,9 | - |
Ngokuka-Severo-Kavkazstat (Umnyango Wesevisi Yezibalo Zesifunda Sesifunda saseNyakatho Caucasian Federal District), e-Ingushetia:
I-Год | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
emapulazini azo zonke izigaba | |||
indawo ehlwanyelwe ngaphansi kwamazambane, ha | 3100 | 3000 | 2700 |
ukukhiqiza, isikhungo/ha | 37,3 | 33,0 | 30,2 |
ezinhlanganweni zezolimo nasemapulazini abalimi: | |||
indawo ehlwanyelwe ngaphansi kwamazambane, ha | 703 | 750 | 500 |
isivuno esikhulu, amathani ayinkulungwane | 4,0 | 0,4 | 0,2 |
I-CHECHEN REPUBLIC
16,1 izinkulungwane sq. km
Ihlala emithambekeni esenyakatho yeGreater Caucasus, kanye namaqele namathafa aseduze. Iningi labantu (63,6%) liyaphila
emaphandleni. Esakhiweni somhlaba wezolimo, umhlaba olimekayo uthatha amahektha ayi-14. Ukutshala amazambane kwenziwa kuzo zonke izifunda ezinezintaba.
Ngokusho koMnyango Wezolimo waseChechen Republic, ngo-2020, amahektha angama-600 abelwa amazambane emkhakheni wezimboni.
Lesi sifunda sivame ukuhlushwa isomiso, ngakho-ke, sinaka kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kokunciphisa. Ngo-2021, iRiphabhulikhi yaseChechen ihlela ukusabalalisa amahektha angama-3 omhlaba oniselwe, kanye namahektha angama-820 omhlaba wokulima osewathatha umhlalaphansi.
Ngokusho kwe-Chechenstat (i-Territorial body ye-Federal State Statistics Service ye-Chechen Republic):
I-Год | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
emapulazini azo zonke izigaba: | |||
indawo ehlwanyelwe ngaphansi kwamazambane namakhabe emifino, ha | 12600 | 13600 | 11700 |
isivuno esikhulu, amathani ayinkulungwane | 32,1 | 32,7 | 38,7 |
ukukhiqiza, isikhungo/ha | 100,4 | 99,9 | 94,5 |
ezinhlanganweni zezolimo nasemapulazini abalimi: | |||
indawo ehlwanyelwe ngaphansi kwamazambane namakhabe emifino, ha | 5600 | 6500 | 4300 |
Ngokuka-Severo-Kavkazstat (Umnyango Wenkonzo Yezibalo Zezifundazwe Yesifunda saseNyakatho Caucasian Federal District), e-Stavropol Territory:
I-Год | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 |
emapulazini azo zonke izigaba: | |||
indawo ehlwanyelwe ngaphansi kwamazambane, ha | 14000 | 13600 | 13100 |
isivuno esikhulu, amathani ayinkulungwane | 232,5 | 217,6 | 218,0 |
ezinhlanganweni zezolimo nasemapulazini abalimi: | |||
indawo ehlwanyelwe ngaphansi kwamazambane namakhabe emifino, ha | 5000 | 5500 | 5200 |
isivuno esikhulu, amathani ayinkulungwane | 115,5 | 113,0 | 137,0 |
I-STAVROPOL REGION
66,5 izinkulungwane sq. km
Itholakala engxenyeni emaphakathi yeCiscaucasia nasemthambekeni osenyakatho weGreater Caucasus.
Ingesinye sezifunda ezinkulu ezikhiqiza okusanhlamvu eRussia. Kodwa futhi idume ngokukhiqizwa kwemifino (u-anyanisi, izaqathe, iklabishi, ama-beet, ukhukhamba, utamatisi) namazambane. Basebenza kubakhiqizi bezolimo abangama-241 (amabhizinisi ezolimo angama-45 namapulazi angama-196 abalimi). Amabhizinisi ezolimo esifundeni angabakhiqizi abakhulu bezitshalo ezinjengamazambane (50%), u-anyanisi (46%), izaqathe (40%), kanti ama-beet angama-60% akhiqizwa amapulazi abalimi.
Amabhizinisi amakhulu akhula amazambane atholakala ezifundeni zase-Ipatovsky, Predgorny, Krasnogvardeisky naseKirov. Izinhlobo ezidume kakhulu esifundeni yiColomba, Gala, Romano, Red Scarlett.
Ngo-2021, amazambane atshalwa kumahektha ayi-6 emkhakheni wezimboni. Abalimi baqale ukuvuna izinhlobo eziphuzile zamazambane
ekupheleni kukaSepthemba, lapho isimo sezulu sisihle. Ngokusho kokuphathwa kwezolimo (iminyango) yezifunda zikamasipala nezasemadolobheni,
Ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3,2 amazambane avunwa endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezi-90,4, ngesivuno esingama-280 q/ha. Sekukonke, bekuhlelelwe ukuvuna amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-2021 amazambane ngo-138.
Esinye sezimo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokwandisa isivuno samazambane esifundeni ukuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kwembewu ye-elite nokuzala.
I-Meristemnye kultury LLC iyona kuphela inhlangano e-Stavropol Territory eyenza ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane okusekelwe kusiko lwezicubu. Ibhizinisi minyaka yonke likhiqiza amathani ayi-1-2 ayizinkulungwane zamazambane embewu ye-super-elite. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wokuzalanisa, kwazalaniswa izinhlobo ezinhlanu ezintsha.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokunisela kuthathwa njengokhiye wokusimama kwezomnotho kubalimi esifundeni.
Kulo nyaka, amaphrojekthi amasha okunisela angama-14 asetshenziswa ezifundeni eziyi-26 zesifunda endaweni engaphezu kwamahektha ayi-12. Kuze kube ngu-2024, i-Stavropol Territory ihlela ukwandisa indawo yokunisela ngamahektha angu-52. Ngakho, uma kuqhathaniswa no-2016, indawo yokunisela izokhula izikhathi ezingu-2,5 - ngamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-73. Imisebenzi kule ndlela isivele iyaqhubeka: ngo-2022, amaphrojekthi amasha ahlelelwe ukuthunyelwa asethuthukisiwe futhi aqala ukusebenza. Bazothatha indawo engamahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-11,5.