Yu.P. Boyko, Yu.A. Masyuk, O.A. IStarovoitova, O.V. Abashkin, V.N. I-Zeyruk, L.Ya. IKostina, N.N. Gordienko, Z.N. Morzhenkova D.V. Abrosimov, Federal State Budgetary Institution "All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Economy eqanjwe ngemuva A.G. ULorha "
ISIBONELELO SOKUKHULA OKUKHANYA OKUQHAWULEKILE NGAPHANDLE KOKUZIPHATHA KWEMOSCOW NE-TVER REGIONS
Umkhiqizo ophilayo ngumkhiqizo ongenazo izinto ezinobuthi noma oqukethe ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yenhlanzeko namazinga okuphepha kokudla. Ukuthola imikhiqizo yezolimo ephephile emvelweni (organic) kuqinisekiswa ngokungasetshenziswa kokuvikelwa kwezitshalo zamakhemikhali, kusetshenziswa izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-agrotechnical kanye ne-biological yokulwa nezinambuzane, izifo zezitshalo nokhula ezingenawo umthelela omubi emvelweni.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela namasu okuthola imikhiqizo yezolimo ephilayo kwenziwa yi-International Organic Agriculture Association (IFOAM) - inhlangano yentando yeningi ehlanganisa ababambiqhaza abangaphezu kuka-800 emazweni ayi-117 emhlabeni jikelele. Amakomidi namaqembu asunguliwe asungulwe ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene nezicacisiwe ezisukela ekwakhiweni kwezindinganiso zamazwe omhlaba ukuqondisa usizo, okokusebenza kanye nokweluleka kwezolimo.
ERussia, amaphrojekthi wokuqala wokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo ephilayo aqala ukuvela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990. Kepha kuze kube manje, isabelo sezinhlangano zezolimo ezikhethekile ngokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo sincane kakhulu. Ukukhula kwemakethe kuvinjelwe yizinto eziningi, kufaka phakathi ukungabi khona kwamazinga wangaphakathi wokukhiqiza kuze kube muva nje: noma ngubani angafaka "ibio" noma "i-eco" ibheji kumkhiqizo wabo, okube nomthelela ekukhuleni kwemikhiqizo yomgunyathi futhi kwehlisa ukuzethemba kwabathengi ku yonke imboni.
NgoJanuwari 1, 2020, umthetho we-Federal Law on Organic Products waqala ukusebenza ezweni, lo mbhalo wenza uhlaka lokulawula ukukhiqizwa nokunikezwa kwemikhiqizo eRussian Federation, imigomo yokukhiqiza engafaki ukusetshenziswa komanyolo namakhemikhali.
Ngaphansi komthetho omusha, iRussia izoba nohlelo lwayo lokuqinisekiswa kwemikhiqizo ye-organic. Izitifiketi zizokhishwa yizinkampani ezikhethekile eziqinisekisiwe, isitifiketi sazo kubhekelelwa yiFederal Accredation Service (“Rosaccredation”). Ekupheleni konyaka ka-2019, izinhlangano ezintathu zadlula isitifiketi: Isazi se-Organic, i-FSBI Rosselkhoztsentr esifundeni saseVoronezh naseRoskachestvo.
Umthetho wethula imiqondo yemikhiqizo ye-organic kanye nabakhiqizi bayo, ulawula izinkambiso zokukhiqizwa, ukugcinwa, ukuthuthwa, ukulebula nokuthengisa.
Lo mbhalo uphinde uchaze ezolimo. Ivele iqukethe uhlu lwezidingo zokukhiqiza imikhiqizo ye-organic, equkethe amaphuzu ayi-11. Kwabatshali bezitshalo, ukuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kwama-agrochemicals kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane kubalulekile: Ama-biological agents asetshenziselwa ukulawula izinambuzane nezifo zezitshalo. I-veto isetshenziswa kakhulu ngezindlela zobunjiniyela be-genetic kanye nokutshala kwe-hydroponic.
Umthetho futhi uyakwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kokupakishwa okwenziwe ngezinto okungaholela ekungcoleni kwemikhiqizo kanye nemvelo, kufaka phakathi i-polyvinyl chloride.
Abakhiqizi bazokwazi ukuqinisekisa ngokuzithandela ukukhiqizwa kanye nezimpahla ukusungula ukuhambisana namazinga kazwelonke, phakathi kanye namazwe omhlaba. Ngemuva kwalokho, bazokwazi ukusebenzisa ukulebula, okuzoba uphawu lomkhiqizo wezinto eziphilayo.
Abezomthetho balindele ukuthi umthetho uzosebenza impela onyakeni owodwa nengxenye noma iminyaka emibili, ngoba inqubo yokubheka abakhiqizi nokukhipha izitifiketi ithatha isikhathi eside.
Kodwa-ke, isikhathi sizodingeka hhayi nje kuphela.
AMAZWI EMBILI KU-PestICIDES
Imithi yokubulala izinambuzane eminingi, ewela emhlabathini, ihlala lapho iminyaka eminingi. Kubalulekile ukuthi abakhiqizi bezolimo abasebenzise noma abasebenzisa izisebenzi zokuvikela izitshalo zamakhemikhali (kufaka phakathi labo abangacabangi ngokuhlela ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ye-organic) ukwazi imigomo ethile.
Izinsuku zokucekelwa phansi kwezinambuzane.
Ukwehla kwe-pesticide ngokuguqulwa kwayo kumakhemikhali anobuhlobo bemvelo. Ngokwesilinganiso sokubola, ubuthi buhlukaniswe ngamaqembu ayi-6:
- - ukubola izinyanga ezingaphezu kwezingu-18,
- - ngaphansi kwezinyanga eziyi-18,
- - ngaphansi konyaka,
- - kuze kube izinyanga eziyisithupha,
- - kufika ezinyangeni ezintathu,
- - ngaphansi kwezinyanga ezintathu.
I-MLC (Ukuvumeleka Kwezinsalela Ezivumelekile) ama-pesticides emikhiqizweni yokudla neyokuphakelayo, enhlabathini nakwezinye izinto zemvelo, esekwe ngesisekelo semiphumela yocwaningo lobuthi bokubulala izinambuzane kwezinto eziphilayo ngazinye. Ukudla nokondliwa kwezilwane zasemapulazini ezine-DOC eyeqile yento okungenani eyodwa akuvunyelwe.
Mdu. Isilinganiso esivumelekile semithi yokubulala izinambuzane noma enye into enobuthi ekudleni nasekutholeni izilwane zasepulazini, ziphephile ukusetshenziswa.
Ukuphikelela ngokubulala izinambuzane. Isikhathi sokugcinwa kwamakhemikhali anobuthi emisebenzini enobuthi emvelweni (umkhathi, i-hydrosphere, inhlabathi).
Ngokwesikhathi zokulondolozwa kwezindawo ezinobuthi (ukwanda kokuphikelela), ama-pesticides ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu ayi-6:
- - Ukulondolozwa kwezakhiwo isikhathi esingaphansi kwezinyanga ezintathu,
- - kuze kube izinyanga eziyisithupha,
- - kuze kube unyaka ongu-1,
- - kufika ezinyangeni ezintathu,
- - kuze kufike eminyakeni emibili ubudala,
- - iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-2.
Ngokuya ngemvelo nendawo yesimo sokusetshenziswa kwezibulala zinambuzane, ukuphikelela kwesidakamizwa kungahluka kakhulu. Yehlisa ubude besikhathi sezidakamizwa ezibola ama-microorganisms alo.
Umbala wokulimaza. Izinga lezinambuzane, izinga lokuthuthuka kwalesi sifo noma ukusakazwa kokhula, lapho ukulimala abakwenzayo kungeqi izindleko zezindlela zokuzivikela (ezenza ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokuvikela kungasebenzi ngokwezomnotho) noma ukuba khona kwezinambuzane namagciwane kungasinciphisi isivuno.
I-T0.5 (Half-life of pesticides). Isikhathi sokwehla komsebenzi wokubulala izinambuzane emvelweni ngama-50%.
Ubuthi be-pesticide. Ikhono emadomeni athile okubangela ukuphazamiseka kwempilo noma ubuthi obukhulu nokufa kwesitshalo noma isilwane.
I-Phytotoxicity. Ingozi yokubulala izinambuzane kwezitshalo eziphathisiwe. I-pesticide eyodwa kanye efanayo ingathinta izinhlobo ngazinye, isimo sokuphila, isigaba sokukhula kwezitshalo ngezindlela ezihlukile.
Ukwelashwa ngakunye kokubulala izinambuzane kufanele kuhlale kusebenza ngokwezomnotho nangokomnotho.
IZINDLELA ZE-Bio-ECOLOGICAL IZINDLELA ZOKUVUSA IZIFO NEZIFO
Yini enye engenza i-agrochemistry? Izici ezisetshenziswayo ze-Abiotic zisetshenziselwa ukulawula izinambuzane nezifo zezitshalo: ukukhanya, i-Ultra, umsindo, amadivayisi amvamisa kakhulu; izinto ezi-biotic: i-microbiota ezuzisayo, izimbali nezilwane, izitshalo ezibuyayo, ama-entomophages. Izindlela ze-Agrobiological zisetshenziselwa futhi ngokumelene nezinambuzane nezifo: izicupho, izimo zokushisa, izinhlobo zokulimaza.
Ungakhohlwa ukuthi izitshalo zidinga ukuvikelwa hhayi ezifweni, ezinambuzaneni nakukhula kuphela, kepha nakwezinye izinto ezibucayi bemvelo. Lokhu kungazelelwe kungazelelwe, isomiso, ukungcoliswa kobuchwepheshe benhlabathi.
Umsebenzi omkhulu wokuvikelwa kwezitshalo ukufeza ubunye bezinto eziphilayo kanye nemvelo ngokwakha izimo ezikahle zokukhula, ukukhula, ukuzala nokukhethwa okuhlosiwe kuma-ecocenoses esimeme.
Ezinsizeni ezizimele (uma kukhulunywa ngamahektare angama-3-5), ngenxa yemibalo emincane kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwemvelo yezitshalo nezilwane, amathuba enziwa ukuthi abhekane nezilokazane nezifo ngezandla zawo futhi aqhubeke nokusimama kwemvelo. Emikhakheni emikhulu, lo msebenzi uyinkimbinkimbi ukusetshenziswa kweziqalo ezingekho amandla wokuzibamba. Hhayi-ke ukuthi ngisho naseRussia enezimbubhiso, abalimi bahlwanyele i-rye nokolweni emaphepheni esikweni.
UKUKHULA AMAPOTO WOKULUNGA
Izithiyo ezinkulu ekutholeni amazambane asezalweni yizifo, izilokazane nokuntuleka kwezakhi zomzimba emhlabathini. Amazambane ayingozi kakhulu kumabhungane aseColorado, ukulimala sekwephuzile, i-phytopathogenic nematode nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.
Lapho uhlela ukulawula kwemvelo kwezinambuzane nezifo, inkinga ebalulekile ukuvikela ubhungane lwamazambane e-Colorado. Njengoba ingumfokazi ovela ezwenikazi laseMelika, ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado alinazo izilwanyana ezikhethekile zasendaweni nezidlayo eYurophu nase-Asia, futhi iningi lazo kufanele zethulwe (zangeniswa) ezivela kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibungu nabantu abadala bhungane lamazambane leColorado anobuthi, futhi akusizo zonke izilwane ezingavikeleki ezingazidla. Ama-entomophages ethu endawo ajwayela kancane kancane kumfokazi waseMelika futhi enza ukushaywa kwawo okubucayi nangaphezulu.
Izibungu zeminyaka emi-4 (ekugcineni kwentuthuko), ama-printerphos kanye nabantu abadala be-Colado beetle amazambane atholakala emhlabathini ngakho-ke awatholakali kumakhemikhali anobuthi bendabuko.
Ngokuphikisana nalezi zigaba zenkathazo, ama-biologics asuselwe kuma-entomopathogenic nematode (Nemabakt, Fitoverm) kanye nezinye i-biobiics zezinto eziphilayo (iBitoxibacillin, Boverin, Novodor). Izisombululo ezisebenzayo zalezi zebhayoloji ziphatha umquba noma umquba ngesikhathi sokushiya kwenhlabathi ukuze kuthathwe izibungu zeminyaka emi-4 noma yabantu abadala ebusika. Izibungu ezihlaselayo zama-entomopathogenic nematode zingena emhlabathini, zifudukele kuwo futhi zibheke izisulu zazo, ama-microorganisms enhlabathi enziwe ngamakhompiyutha akha amakoloni emhlabathini.
Ama-bacterium e-Entomopathogenic abulala lesi sinambuzane, asenze sibe nesifo esithile - i-septicemia - bese sakha amakoloni aso ngaphakathi kwalesi sinambuzane esifile. Amagciwane anda lapho adla izigaba ze-saprophytic ze-entomopathogenic nematodes ngaphakathi kwezinambuzane ezithintekile, ezidlula lapho izizukulwane eziningana ezilandelanayo. Ngemuva kokuphela kokudla kwama-nematode ngaphakathi kwalesi sinambuzane, bayayeka ukukhula esigabeni sezibungu ezihlaselayo. Ngemuva kwalokho bashiya isinambuzane esifile, bayofuna izisulu ezintsha.
Emzimbeni webhungane elilodwa lamazambane eColorado, kufinyelela ku-200 izibungu ezihlaselayo ze-entomopathogenic nematode. AmaNematode akha izindawo ezinkulu (000-15 cm ubukhulu) ezizungeze izinambuzane ezifile, okuthi, lapho izinkundla zamazambane zigcwaliswe kakhulu yi-Colorado amazambane ibhungane, zihlangana kancane kancane, zikulahla ukubulawa kwezibungu ezineminyaka emine noma ubudala. Ukufa kwebhungane lamazambane leColorado enhlabathini kufinyelela ku-20-4%, okunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokugcwala izilimo zamazambane ngonyaka olandelayo endaweni evikelekile.
Entwasahlobo kanye namahlumela okuqala amazambane, amabhungane avele ngokushesha aqhamuke enhlabathini ezindaweni zokutshala isivuno noma asuke kwezinye izindawo (iBhungane lamazambane leColorado lingamboza ibanga lamakhilomitha ambalwa). Isizukulwane sentwasahlobo senkathazo sincane kunazo zonke, ngakho-ke kufanele kubhekwe ngokukhethekile kulesi sigaba esithile sokusakazeka kwaBhungane (ukuze kuncishiswe ukuzalwa kabusha kwaso). Ngalesi sikhathi, kungakuhle ukuthi kukhiqizwe amabhungane ezinambuzane zombungu wezilwane ezihlaselayo uPikromerus, Perillus, Podizus.
Izibungu zezimbungulu, okuthi ngalesi sikhathi zingakutholi okunye, ukudla okufanelekile, zichitha ama-70-80% wamabhungane aseColorado aphuma enhlabathini futhi avela ngaphandle. Imichilo yokuqala yamaqanda ebhungane lamazambane leColorado ivame ukuthintwa izifo zemvelaphi yokukhunta, ngenxa yomswakama omkhulu ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka.
Entwasahlobo, kungakuhle ukwelashwa ngomkhiqizo wezinto eziphilayo iBoverin, osebenza ngokumelene namaqanda e-Colorado amazambane beetle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokumelene namaqanda e-Colorado amazambane beetle, ukukhishwa okukhulu kwesinambuzane esidla amaqanda endoparasitic kanye nabadla amaqanda endawo - izibungu zelacewings, izibungu kanye nemago yezinambuzane, izibungu zekamela elijwayelekile kanye nezimpungushe zezimpukane ze-sirfid ziyenziwa. Iminyaka engu-1.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, ku izibungu nabantu abadala be-Colorado amazambane beetle, izithako ezincane kunazo zonke emhlabeni ziyasabalalisa umhlaba, ezingabonakala kalula ngokungabikho kwemithambo eguqukayo esemaphikweni.
Kodwa-ke, zonke lezi zinyathelo azikwazi ukukuqinisekisa ukutshala amazambane kubantu abadala abafudukayo bhungane lamazambane leColorado. Ukufuduka kweBhungane kusuka kwezinye izindawo kuyaqhubeka kuyo yonke inkathi yamazambane ekhulayo futhi kuvame ukungayinaki imizamo eqhubekayo yokwazisa nge-biomethod. Kulokhu, ukutshala amazambane kuwina, kuzungezwe amahlathi, amabhande amahlathi noma ezinye izithiyo ezingenakunqotshwa zezinambuzane ezifudukayo.
Nge-prophylaxis, phakathi nayo yonke inkathi yokukhula, ama-entomophages endawo afakwa ngezikhathi ezithile (akhishwe emvelweni) (futhi ahehwa ngosizo lwezitshalo: i-cosme, i-chamomile, i-artichoke yaseJerusalema, idile) ukugcina isizinda sokuvikela kusuka ku-Colorado amazambane beetle futhi ama-vectors wezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane - ama-aphid, ama-leafhoppers kanye nezimbungulu ezidla imifino. Impi yokulwa ne-globoderosis yenziwa ngokulima isikhathi eside ezindaweni zezitshalo ezingalimazi i-nematode yegolide.
Lapho kukhula amazambane, kunconywa ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo yemvelo ebamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kohlelo olunamandla lwezimpande.
Uhlelo lwezimpande lukhula ngokushesha kunokuphindaphindeka kwezinambuzane, ngenxa yalokho izithombo zamazambane “zibaleka” ekuhlaselweni kwe-nematode futhi zikwazi ukuqedela uhlaza ngaphandle kokuhlupheka kakhulu emgudwini wezimpande.
Amazambane angatshalwa ezindaweni ezingenawo ama-globose kuphela emva kweminyaka okungenani emihlanu yokutshala izilimo ezingatholakali kuzo, ngaphandle kwalokho akukho kuphela ukunqwabelana kwe-pathogen enhlabathini, kodwa futhi nethuba lokuvela nokuqongelela kwezinhlanga ezintsha ezinolaka zamazambane. Uma ukutshala kwezinhlobo zamazambane engamelana namazambane kwenziwa ngokwalokho okwandulelayo, okuwumqando wamazambane ongathinteka ku-glauberosis, lokhu ngokungenakuvinjwa kuholela ekuxubeni kwezinhlobonhlobo, okuyingozi enkulu emasimini embewu.
Isinyathelo sokuvimbela ekulweni ne-glauberosis yamazambane ukwenza ukubonwa kwezwe ngesimo sokukhula nokuthuthuka kwezihlahla zamazambane (ukuqapha), ngenhloso yokutholwa kwesikhathi, ukusungulwa kwasekhaya kanye nokuqedwa ngokushesha kwezitshalo ezivele zinesifo. Esigabeni sokuqala kokuqhakaza, izimpawu ezibonakalayo zesifo samazambane emhlabeni ziyabonakala kakhulu.
Izitshalo zisele ngemuva ekukhuleni nasentuthukweni: njengomthetho, lezi yizigaxa ezimangalisa ngesigaxa esisodwa noma ezimbili ezondile, ezinamaqabunga agqitshiwe, ngesigaxa seqabunga elihlanganisiwe, esidla ngokuthola umbala okhanyayo ku-chlorosis ebizwe kakhulu. Ukukhonjwa kwezitshalo ezinesifo nokususwa kwazo okufika ngesikhathi kuvimbela ukwenziwa kabusha kwe-potode amazambane, ukuqoqeka okuqhubekayo komgomo oyingozi ohlasela emhlabathini nokusakazeka kwalesi sifo ezindaweni ezikhululekile nasemasimini angomakhelwane.
Ama-Entomophages alwa ngokuqinile nezithwali zezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane (izimbungulu ezine-herbivorous, aphid, cicadas).
Ukuheha abantu be-entomofauna yenzuzo yasendaweni, bakha “iziqhingi zokuphepha” ezingafani, lapho izithombo ezihlukene, isiphambano kanye ne-Asteraceae nectaronos ihlwanyelwa: isibonelo, i-dill, i-coriander, i-sunflower, i-clover, i-yarrow, i-chamomile. Bakhanga ama-ladybugs, amakamela, i-gall midges, ama-lacewings, izimbungulu ezi-carnivorous, i-sirfid, njll. Futhi, ukusetshenziswa kwesidakamizwa semvelo i-Entomoftorin kunikeza imiphumela emihle.
Izindlela ezichaziwe zinikeza ukuvikeleka okuthembekile ezifweni nasezinhlakeni kuyo yonke inkathi yokukhula.
UKUFINYELELA KAKHULU KWESIVIVINYO SEHIVVEST
Umsebenzi wokuthola isivuno samazambane onganamazambane uyaqhubeka esikhungweni i-All-Russian Research Institute of kilimo Yezolimo esiqanjwe ngemuva kwalokho A.G. Lorch kusukela ngo-1985. Kuyo yonke le minyaka, Isikhungo sidale imikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo ngokulwa nokulimala sekwephuzile, ibhungane lamazambane eseColorado, ezinye izinambuzane nezifo: I-activator-A, iDiprin neNematol. Imibhalo yesayensi neyobuchwepheshe (imithethonqubo, izimo zobuchwepheshe (TU) nezincomo zokusetshenziswa kwazo sezakhiwe. Le mishanguzo ibe nomthelela ekwelapheni kwezitshalo, ikhuphule ukungazeleleki kwayo futhi ikhombisile ukusebenza kahle ekulweni nokulimaza sekwephuzile (ikakhulukazi ngokuhlanganiswa ne-sulfate yethusi (0.01%)), ene-fungistatic izakhiwo).
Yonke imikhiqizo yemvelo evivinyiwe ikhombise ukusebenza okuphezulu kwe-nematicidal, fungicidal kanye ne-entomocidal, futhi esimweni sokufakwa kweDiprin ukwanda kwesivuno bekuphakeme kakhulu (1.9 t / ha), esikuchaza ngezindawo zokukhiqiza ezihlukanisayo zemikhiqizo yokuhlukaniswa kwe-nematode Pristionchus uniformis - isimiso esisebenzayo somuthi. Imikhiqizo eyaziwayo yebhayoloji (iBitoxibacillin, Novodor), igciwane (VIRIN-OS), fungal (Boverin) kanye nemvelaphi yematode (Nemabakt, Fitoverm) nayo isetshenziswe ngempumelelo.
Kusuka emiphumeleni yeminyaka eminingi yokubuka emasimini amazambane i-VNIIKH kubo. A.G. I-Lorch ekuqapheliseni ukwehluka kwezinhlobo, i-potoc biosis iyathambekele ekubambeni. Ngo-2017-2018 Ukwehla okukhulu kobuningi cishe bazo zonke izinhlobo zezakhi ze-biocenoses ezifundwe yithi kwaqapheleka. Ubuningi besibalo sama-entomophages, ikakhulukazi ama-ladybugs kanye nama-sirfid, abavukuzi bemvelo: ukuncipha kwezinyosi nezinyosi zezinyosi, kunciphile. Kuma-entomophages, kukhuphuka kuphela i-midge nenyongo ye-aphidymysis ne-lacewing.
Inkampani iRedkinskaya agro-yezimboni i-Organic Seed kanye namazambane eWare etholakala endaweni efanelekayo yamazambane akhulayo (idolobhana laseKoshelevo, eKonakovsky District, eTver Region) laqala umsebenzi wokukhiqiza amazambane abumbene ngonyaka ka-2013. Ngaphansi kokujikeleziswa kwezilimo ezingamahektha angama-200 kwabiwa. Isitifiketi sokulima i-organic sitholiwe, esikhishwe ngesisekelo se-Article 29 (1) se-EU Regulation No. 834/2007 kanye ne-EU Regulation No. 889/2008 yi-State Limited Liability Company Certification and Testing Center (Latvia).
Lapho kukhula imbewu ye-organic namazambane we-ware, ama-pesticides kanye ne-organic fertilizer ayengasetshenziswa. Kwatholakala isivuno sezilimo eziyizigaxa ze-organic of potato izinhlobo: Zhukovsky ekuqaleni (amathani ayi-110), iKladodez (amathani ayi-11), Kuznechanka (amathani ayi-116), uLayla (amathani ayi-6), iLyubava (amathani angama-210), uNevsky (amathani ayi-187), amaRed Scarlett (amathani angama-358) , URomano (amathani angama-55), uTuleevsky (amathani angama-73), uLuck (amathani ayi-100), uViolet (amathani ama-3), ngesivuno esimaphakathi samathani ayi-12-14 / ha. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuphilayo zezokuvikelwa kwamazambane kunikeze ukukhuphuka kwezithelo kwama-20-60% uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawulwa okungafakwanga. Ngesisekelo sedatha yokuhlola, kwahlanganiswa imephu yezobuchwepheshe yokutshala okungabulala izinambuzane zamazambane amazambane.