Territory: 53 sq. km
AbantuAbantu abangu-3, okungu-183% wabo abahlala emadolobheni.
Isikhundla sendawo: ingxenye yesiFunda seVolga Federal; Imingcele entshonalanga nezifunda zeSaratov ne-Ulyanovsk, eningizimu-mpumalanga nesifunda sase-Orenburg, enyakatho neRepublic of Tatarstan, eningizimu neKazakhstan.
Isimo sezulu: Izwekazi elipholile, ngaphezu kwesigamu sonyaka uhlobo lwesimo sezulu esinqobayo. Isilinganiso sokushisa senyanga nenyanga ngoJulayi singama-21 ° С, ngoJanuwari - 14 ° С. Isimo sezulu esifundeni sibonakala ebusika obude obuneqhwa elincane, iziphethu ezimfushane, ihlobo elishisayo nelomile, nekwindla emfushane. Insimu yesifunda ingeyendawo yomswakama onganele. Imvula enkulu itholakala ngoJuni nangoJulayi.
Ukukhulula: imifula yeVolga neSamara ihlukanisa insimu yesifunda ibe izingxenye ezintathu: iBhange Lungelo, ibhange lasenyakatho neseningizimu. Iningi lendawo (91,2%) likhona kwiBhange Lwesobunxele. Izindawo zokugcina amanzi zaseKuibyshev naseSaratov zitholakala ngaphakathi esifundeni. Ngokuvamile, isifunda sinokukhululeka okubushelelezi, okuhle, ekuthuthukiseni ezolimo.
Indawo yenhlabathi kubonakaliswa i-heterogeneity ebalulekile. Isembozo senhlabathi sendawo eyi-steppe steppe sifanekiselwa ikakhulu yizindawo ezivutshiwe nezijwayelekile, phakathi kwezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisetshenziswa yi-carbonate esele. Izinsimbi zesifunda se-steppe zifanekiselwa ikakhulukazi yi-chernozems ejwayelekile kanye naseningizimu, inhlabathi emincane kakhulu yesikhumba se-chestnut, ama-solonetzes, kanye nezindawo zazo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Inqwaba enkulu yenhlabathi esifundeni (kuze kube yi-80%) inomdaka wobumba nobunzima be-loamy.
Indawo yezolimo: 3 387, 2 XNUMX ha.
UMBUSO WANAMUHLA WEZIMBONI. IZINSELELE NAMATHEMBU
Isifunda Samara sithatha indawo ekhethekile emlandweni wamanje wamazambane waseRussia akhula. Lesi ngesinye salezo zindawo lapho ukuqala kwezimboni kwaqala khona eRussia ngawo-90s wekhulu lama-XNUMX: ukushintshela ekukhiqizweni kwamazambane akusebenza kahle kakhulu.
Namuhla, abalimi bamazambane eSamara banokuthile okufanele baziqhenye ngakho: baneminyaka eminingi yokuhlangenwe nakho ekukhiqizeni imbewu ephezulu namazambane agciniwe, lesi sifunda sithatha enye yezindawo ezihamba phambili eRussia maqondana nokuvunwa kwamazambane (ekupheleni kuka-2018, isivuno esilinganiselwe sasingu-295 c / ha).
Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje, indawo yokulima (futhi, ngenxa yalokho, amavolumu wokukhiqiza) wamazambane etafula esifundeni iye yancipha ngokuqinile. Ngokusho koMnyango Wezolimo kanye nokudla weSifunda Samara, ngonyaka we-2018, amazambane atshalwa endaweni engamahektare angama-4,4 esifundeni (ngokuqhathaniswa, ngonyaka ka-2012, amahektha ayi-7,2 wezinkulungwane abelwe lesi sitshalo). Kuzo zonke izigaba zamapulazi esifundeni samazambane, kuqoqwe amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-274,4 (90,6% uma kuqhathaniswa nowe-2017).
Izizathu ezinkulu zokulahleka kwenzalo yabalimi ezitshalweni kucacile kubo bonke abalimi bezithelo zaseRussia: amanani aphansi okuthenga komkhiqizo, abelokhu eqhubeka iminyaka eminingana, ngezindleko ezikhulayo zokukhula minyaka yonke.
"Amapulazi aphoqeleka ukuthengisa amazambane ngamanani afanayo njengoba eminyakeni eyishumi edlule," kusho u-Oleg Vinogradov, umqondisi omkhulu we-Union of Potato Growers eSifundeni Samara, "kodwa ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona amanani ahluke ngokuphelele omanyolo, imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo, imbewu, uphethiloli ..."
Ngokwezibalo ze-Union of Potato Breeders, ngezindleko zokukhiqizwa kwamazambane okudla angama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-250 ukuya kuma-300 ruble kanye nesivuno esingama-24 t / ha (ngensimbi yomkhiqizo), izindleko zokukhula zingama-ruble ayi-10,4 / kg, kanti intengo Ukuthengwa kwamazambane ngokwesilinganiso akudluli ama-ruble / kg ayi-12,5, okwenza ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane kungazuzisi kubavelisi abaningi.
Ukuxhaswa kukahulumeni kwabatshali bamazambane kunciphile kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Uma ngonyaka ka-2012, abakhiqizi bezambane lamanzi banxephezelwa izindleko zokuthenga umanyolo wamaminerali, imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo nokunisela, ngo-2019, ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane akuzange kufakwe nakusekela "olungahambelani".
Kusukela kuhlu olukhona lwezinyathelo zokusekelwa kombuso, abatshali bamazambane bangathemba kuphela mboleko ethambile nokunxeshezelwa ngokuthengwa kwembewu elite.
Uhlu lwezinkinga zamapulazi eSamara, u-Oleg Vinogradov ukhetha ukuhlangana ngamaketanga wokuthengisa, okuyiwona athengwa kakhulu ngamazambane.
“Noma yimuphi umkhiqizi,” kuphawula umqondisi omkhulu we-Union of Potato Growers, “ufuna ukuthola intengo enhle ngomkhiqizo wayo. Kepha uhlala ephoqeleka ukuthi adonse emholweni wakhe inani lokungena nezaphulelo, isinxephezelo sokuphromotha, njll. Kunzima kakhulu ukuphila ezimeni ezinjalo ”.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngonyaka wesibili kakade, abatshali bezambane likasoseshini bebazi kahle ngomncintiswano ovela kwabakhiqizi bezambane bangaphambili bakwamanye amazwe: ukunikezwa kwezilimo ezintsha zamazambane kuqala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ngalesi sikhathi lesi sifunda sisenakho okwanele umkhiqizo waso osezingeni eliphakeme. Ingxenye ebalulekile yamazambane endawo ahlala engafunwa. Ngokusho kwe-Union of Potato Breeders, ngo-Ephreli 1, 2019, amathani amazambane ayi-11150 kuphela asele agcinwe ezindlini zokugcina zamapulazi eSifunda Samara.
Vele, lesi simo embonini siholela ekulahlekelweni kwalezo zikhundla isifunda esiziqhube eminyakeni engama-20 edlule.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoSihlalo weNyunyana yabalimi bamazambane esifundeni saseSamara, inhloko yenkampani yezimbewu "iMolyanov Agro Group" uVladimir Molyanov ugcizelela, isimo esikhona njengamanje asinakubhekwa njengokuhlukile esifundeni nakwilizwe lonke. "Akukhona okokuqala ukuthi abalimi bamazambane esifundeni babhekane nobunzima," esho. - Sasinda kusomiso sango-2010, ukwehla kwerekhodi kwamanani entengo ngesikhathi sokuvuna ngokweqile ngo-2015. Kuleyo minyaka enzima, amapulazi asinda, afunda ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo ngezindleko eziphansi. Lokhu kusabalulekile namanje. "
Ingxenye yesibili esendleleni eya empumelelweni, ngokusho kukaMolyanov, kufanele isebenze kwikhwalithi yomkhiqizo: “Cishe iminyaka engama-30 yokuthuthuka kakhulu kwamazambane akhula esifundeni, bafunda ukukhula kakhulu. Kuyaqhubeka ukufeza ukuvumelana phakathi kwenani nekhwalithi. ”
USihlalo we-Union of Potato Breeders uphawula ukuthi udaba lomzabalazo wekhwalithi luhlanganiswe. Lapha singakhuluma ngesidingo sokwethula izinhlobo zesimanje ezilungele ukugeza nokupakisha; nokubaluleka kokuthuthukiswa kokubuyiselwa komhlaba kabusha, kanye nokugcinwa okuphoqelekile kwemithetho yokujikeleza kwezitshalo nezinye izinto eziningi.
“Umuntu angakhalaza ngokuthi ama-ruble ayishumi ngekhilogremu intengo ephansi,” kusho uVladimir Molyanov, “kodwa uma sihlola okwenzeka e-Europe, siyaqonda ukuthi umlimi lapho uthola lokho okungako ngomkhiqizo wakhe. Kuyadingeka ukuthi ufunde ukuhlala kulezi zimo, ukubheka zonke izinto ezinobungozi, ukusebenzisa wonke amathuba okonga, hhayi ukutshala "ngokungahleliwe", ngethemba lokuthi kwenye indawo omakhelwane ngeke bavuke, bafe iqhwa, bafe. Lokhu kunzima, kodwa ukuphela kwendlela engenzeka. Bonke abanye ngeke basinde kulo mjaho. "
Inhloko ye-Union of Potato Breeders yalesi sifunda iphakamisa ukugxila kule ndlela eya emabhizinisini agcwele izifunda zalesi sifunda: “Sinezinkampani ezithole impumelelo enkulu ekukhuleni amazambane, kepha awumi ezikhundleni zawo. Ipulazi labasebenzi abancane “i-Tsirulev”, ngokwesibonelo, lenisa izinhlobo ezintsha zeminyaka, impumelelo yamakhono obuchwepheshe. Kungumsebenzi omningi lo, kepha ngaphandle kwalokhu ngeke ube khona umphumela. ”
UKUKHETHA NOKUHLELA
Eminyakeni yama-90s yokuqala, isivuno samazambane emapulazini esifundeni Samara sasisezingeni lama-60-70 kg / ha. Ngalesi sikhathi, amazambane amaningi embewu angenisiwe aqala ukungena esifundeni (ikakhulukazi sokuqokwa kwamaJalimane: omunye wabahlinzeki bokuqala kwaba ukwahlukaniswa kweJalimane kweSolana). Emasimini lapho kwakukhiqizwe khona amazambane angaphandle, isivuno safinyelela engakaze ibonwe ngaleso sikhathi sibe ngama-330 c / ha.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ingxenye yempahla yembewu yezinhlobo ezingenisiwe yaqala ukukhiqizwa kakade esifundeni Samara. Ochwepheshe bakwamanye amazwe abagcinanga ngokulawula inqubo yokutshala, kodwa babuye benza nomsebenzi osetshenziswayo ekuhloleni nasekukhetheni imigqa emisha eledlule, bathola imiphumela ethokozisayo. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho amasiko abekwa khona, ngenxa yokuthi isifunda namuhla sigcina isimo sokukhiqiza imbewu. Cishe amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi zamazambane azala imbewu ephezulu athengiswa minyaka yonke ngaphandle Kwesifunda Samara.
Eminyakeni yama-90s, ngemuva kokuthakazelwa okujwayelekile kwezitshalo, ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane nokukhiqizwa kwembewu kwaqalwa ezikhungweni zesayensi zakulesi sifunda, ezazike zagxila kakhulu kukolweni nasembizeni yommbila esifundeni. Ngakho-ke, ochwepheshe be-Samara Research Institute of Agriculture bakha izinhlobo ezintathu zamazambane ezifakwe ku-State Record of Selection Achievements: Samara (2002), Zhigulevsky (2006) kanye neBezenchuksky (2016).
Namuhla, iSamara Research Institute of Ezolimo iyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngokuzalanisa nokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane: sekusungulwe uhlelo lokwenziwa kabusha okusheshayo kanye nokungeniswa kwezinto ezinempilo zembewu ezingenalo igciwane, i-viroid, isikhunta kanye nezinye izifo kusetshenziswa izindlela ze-biotechnological, ibhange lezinhlobo zezambane eliphilile ezivumelaniswa kakhulu nezimo ze-agroclimatic zesifunda Samara.
Ukutshala okwengeziwe kwembewu ye-superelite, i-elite kanye nokuzala kabusha kuhlelwe kumabhizinisi akhethekile akhula imbewu esifundeni.
I-FSBSI "Samara Research Institute of Agriculture" (kanye neSamara Agrarian University, LLC "Agrostar" namabhizinisi amathathu embewu) uyilungu leFederal Scientific and Technical Programme for the Development of Agriculture ngo-2017-2025. - iphrojekthi ephelele yezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe "Ukuthuthukiswa kokuzalisa amazambane nokukhiqizwa kwembewu esifundeni saseSamara", ebesekelwa nguMnyango Wezolimo kanye Nokudla kwesifunda saseSamara. Izinhloso eziyinhloko zephrojekthi ukwakhiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezintsha ezinekhono eliphezulu lokukhiqiza, ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yebhayoloji esebenzayo kanye nokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yamazambane embewu. Ngo-2025, iphrojekthi kulindeleke ukuthi iveze izinhlobo ezine ezintsha zamazambane.
UKUQINQA
Namuhla esifundeni iSamara alikho ibhizinisi elilodwa elikhulu lokucubungula okujulile kwamazambane, yize umbuzo wesidingo sokuvula umkhiqizo onjalo emphakathini ophrofeshinali uphakanyiswe kaningi. Amathemba wokukhiqiza ama-chips, ama-fries ama-french, isitashi samazambane abunjiwe abhekwa. Ngokombono wochwepheshe bezimboni, kuyisitashi esidingeka kakhulu emakethe namuhla. Lo mkhiqizo usetshenziswa ezimbonini eziningi, ukusetshenziswa kwawo kukhula unyaka nonyaka, kepha ezweni lethu akutholakali.
Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kukaVladimir Molyanov, lesi sihloko sidinga ukutadisha ngokucophelela. “Kubalulekile hhayi nje ukwakha isitshalo,” inhloko ye-Union of Potato Growers ichaza isikhundla sayo, “kodwa ukwethula umkhiqizo, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuzokhokha, futhi kungakapheli isikhathi esisiqondayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuyadingeka ukuhlola amandla emakethe, ukukhomba abangahle bancintisane nabo (kufaka phakathi labo abahlela ukuvula umkhiqizo), kubalwe izindleko zezinto ezisetshenziswayo ... Futhi uthole nomtshali-zimali uma ngabe iphrojekthi yaziwa njengonenzuzo esifundeni. " Njengoba kunikezwe utshalomali olungaba khona, lokhu kuzoba yinselele.
sokufuna ka
Cishe wonke amazambane weSamara (afinyelela kuma-99%), akhiqizwa emkhakheni wezimboni wale ndawo, akhule ngokutshala. Noma kunjalo, isifunda Samara kuze kube muva nje ibingafakwanga enanini lezindawo lapho ukuthuthukiswa kokubuyiselwa komhlaba kubhekwa njengesimo esikhulu sokwenyusa isivuno kanye nokwandisa inzuzo yokukhiqiza kwezolimo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, yonke izinsiza nezinsizakusebenza zabelwe ukuthuthukiswa kwalolu hlaka.
"Mhlawumbe, iphuzu lonke ukuthi isifunda sethu sisemngceleni wendawo eyomile, sinezilimo (okusanhlamvu, isibonelo) ezingenza ngaphandle kokunisela okufakelwayo," kuchaza uVladimir Molyanov. "Ezindaweni lapho kunzima khona ukucabanga ukuthi kukhona okungakhula ngaphandle kwamanzi, isimo sokubuyiselwa komhlaba sihluke ngokuphelele."
Kepha isimo siyaguquka kancane. Ukuthuthukiswa kokubuyiselwa komhlaba kabusha kuthathwa njengomcimbi oyinhloko wengxenye yesifunda yephrojekthi yenhlangano “Ukuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo”, ngaphakathi kohlaka lapho amahektha angaphezulu kwezi-2019 komhlaba wokunisela kuzongeniswa emkhakheni wezolimo wezimboni wale ndawo ngo-2021 kuya ku-4,8. Ngalezi zinhloso, kuhlinzekwa ngoxhasomali kwisabelomali sesifunda saseSamara ngenani lama-ruble ayizigidi ezingama-395,7.
Ngokusho kwemininingwane yeSamarameliovodkhoz FSBI, ngonyaka odlule uhlelo lombuso luhlanganise amahektha angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-20 ngenkasa. Kulonyaka, izinhlelo zokunisela cishe amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-23.
Ngonyaka ka-2019, ihlinzeka nokuxhaswa ngemali yesabelomali sesifunda sama-20% ezindleko zokukhokhela izinsiza zokunisela ngamanzi izinhlangano zezolimo, ezizosebenza ezindaweni zokuvuselelwa komhlaba kulo nyaka.
ISITOLO
Iningi lamapulazi amazambane esifundeni anikezwa ngokuphelele izindawo zawo zokugcina imikhiqizo esekhulile. Inani eliphelele lamazambane akhiqizwayo namuhla ngamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-130, okuyisidingo esingamaphesenti angama-90.
Kusukela ngo-2018, ipaki yezolimo yase Samara ibilokhu isebenza esikhungweni sesifunda. Lesi isikhungo sokuthengisa nokuthengisa esinendawo ngamamitha-skwele ayi-30. m, okuhloselwe ukugcinwa nokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo (ngokuyinhloko izithelo nemifino). Kufakwa uhla oluphelele lwezinto zokwakha okuyingxenye kanye nokufakwa kwamazambane nemifino endaweni ye-ORC.
Noma yiliphi ipulazi lingayisebenzisa ukuletha imikhiqizo yalo ngokuhambisana nezidingo zamaketanga wokuthengisa. Noma kunjalo, njengoba u-Oleg Vinogradov aphawula, ababaningi abantu abafuna ukusebenzisa ipaki yezolimo: Abakhiqizi abakhulu kakhulu banemishini yabo, namabhizinisi amancane, njengomthetho, bathengisa imikhiqizo yabo ngabalamuli.
Noma kungenzeka ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ifomethi ye-ORC isazothola ukuthandwa esifundeni. Isibonelo, phakathi kwama-cooperative ezolimo asungulwa ngawo.
AMAHHALA
Inyuvesi eyisisekelo enikezela ngoqeqesho emkhakheni wezolimo esifundeni iSamara State Agrarian University. Inyuvesi inomlando omude, amashumi ezinkulungwane zabachwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe kakhulu baphume ezindongeni zayo.
Namuhla, inyuvesi ihlinzeka ngoqeqesho emikhakheni eyisithupha: i-Agronomy, Biotechnology kanye ne-Veterinary Medicine, Ubunjiniyela, ezobuchwepheshe, ezoMnotho, ukuQhubeka neMfundo ngokuqhubekayo. Abaholi bakusasa emkhakheni wezolimo bathola ulwazi e-Institute of Management Technologies kanye nakuMakethe Yezolimo, okubuye kube yindawo eyakhiwayo yale nyuvesi.
Ku-2019, ukungena kuvulekele izindawo ze-1811 (abafundi be-1308 bazongeniswa onyakeni wokuqala wezinhlelo ze-undergraduate, abafundi be-100 bohlelo olukhethekile, abafundi be-403 bezinhlelo ze-master).
Eminyakeni yamuva, inyuvesi ibilokhu yethula ngentshiseko indlela yemfundo esezingeni lomkhuba: kubafundi abaphezulu, ukuqeqeshwa ngokomqondo nokwenziwayo kuthatha isikhathi esilinganayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundi bafunda izisekelo zomsebenzi ofanele kumabhizinisi athuthuke kakhulu embonini yezolimo yaseSamara.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isifunda sinake kakhulu ukuxhasa ochwepheshe abasebasha abakhethe ukusebenza emaphandleni. Njengengxenye yokuqaliswa komthetho wesifunda saseSamara i-28-GD "Ekusekelweni kombuso ngamakhono abasebenzi besifunda saseSamara" abaphothule ngemfundo ephakeme ekhethekile abaqashwa okokuqala ngaphansi kwesivumelwano sokuqashwa enhlanganweni yezolimo noma epulazini labalimi (ipulazi) bathola isamba semali ukukhokhwa kwama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-69 , abaphothule ngemfundo ephakeme yesibili - ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-34,5.