Ngokuya nge-Food Security Doctrine, inkomba (inkomba) yokukhiqizwa kwamazambane eRussian Federation akufanele yehle ngaphansi kwama-95% ezinga lokweneliseka.
Ngokunikezwa kwesidingo esilinganiselayo nesakhiwo esikhona sokusetshenziswa kwelitshe lamazambane ezweni, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa komuntu siqu (ngokuya ngamazinga okunomsoco), ukusetshenziswa kwezimbewu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwengxenye yesilimo sokucubungula nokuphaka imfuyo, iRussia kumele ithole okungenani izigidi ezingama-26 ngonyaka amathani amazambane.
Ngokuya ngokulinganisa kwethu kanye nokubala kwethu kwesikhathi esimaphakathi, ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezwe zamazambane, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa: ukusetshenziswa kokudla ezingeni lamathani ayizigidi eziyi-14, kwenzalo - cishe amathani ayizigidi ezine, ngenhloso yokudla - amathani ayizigidi ezi-4, ukucubungula - amathani ayisigidi esi-5 ( Ithebula 1).
Umuntu futhi angalindela ukuncishiswa kwangempela kokulahleka kokugcina kuze kufike kumathani ayizigidi eziyi-1,5, okumele kube nomthelela omkhulu ekuthini kuthunyelwe kabusha ekwakhiweni kabusha kwezitini ezikhona zamazambane ngezinhlelo zazo zesimanje zokugcina izimo zilungile zokugcina.
Kumthamo ophelele wamazambane asetshenzisiwe, isabelo esibikezelwayo sokungenisa ngaphakathi akumele seqe i-1,5% (cishe amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-400). Lawa angamazambane "asemasha" okuqala, okufuneka kakhulu ukuthi enyuke ngo-Ephreli-Meyi (ngenkathi engekho, lapho amasheya esivuno sangonyaka ophelile esekhathele, futhi kusasele okungenani izinyanga ezimbili ngaphambi kokuqala kokunikezela ngamazambane ezentengiselwano ngesivuno esisha ukuhweba. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, amazwe anjengeGibhithe, i-Israel, i-China, i-Azerbaijan, iPakistan, njll. avame ukugcwaliseka ngenkuthalo.Ukuncishiswa kokungeniswa kwamazambane okuqala kungenzeka kuphela ngesisekelo sokwanda kwangempela komthamo wokukhiqizwa kwawo ezifundeni eziseningizimu zezwe nokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zesimanjemanje zesifunda nezokungena kwezinye izindawo zalezi zinhloso, nakho okubalulekile ekwandiseni ivolumu yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwamazambane okudla nembewu.
Kungenzeka impela ukuthi inani lamazambane athunyelwa emazweni angaphandle eRussia azokhuphuka, ikakhulukazi emazweni e-Eurasian Economic Union. Lokhu kufanele kwenziwe lula ngezinyathelo zokwandisa inani lezinqola ezibandayo ze-isothermal nokunciphisa izindleko zokulethwa kwezimoto ezikhethekile esikhathini esingaphandle kwesizini.
Ngokwe-Federal State Statistics Service, indawo engaphansi kwamazambane emapulazini azo zonke izigaba ngo-2017 yaba ngamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-2205, kufaka phakathi isigaba sezinhlangano zezolimo (AHO) - amahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-171, amakhaya abalimi (abalimi) (PFH) nosomabhizinisi ngabanye (IE) - amahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-129 nasemakhaya - amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-1606 (Ithebula 2).
Ngasikhathi sinye, ngokuya ngemiphumela yokuqala yesibalo sabantu bezolimo sango-2016, singakhuluma ngokukhonjwa kokungahambisani okukhulu phakathi kwezinkomba zezibalo ezisemthethweni kanye nemininingwane uqobo. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyi-10, amakhaya abone ukuncipha okukhulu endaweni eyabelwe amazambane akhulayo. Ngakho-ke, ngo-2017, indawo ephelele ngaphansi kwamazambane ezakhiweni zasendlini yayingamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-971,1. Lolu lwazi, kunjalo, ludinga ukucaciswa okuningiliziwe, futhi ngokuzayo, kwenziwe ukulungiswa okufanele emibikweni.
Isivuno esikhulu samazambane emapulazini azo zonke izigaba ngo-2017 ngokwezibalo ezisemthethweni, kwaba ngamathani ayizigidi ezingama-29,6, kufaka phakathi amathani ayizigidi ezingama-6,8 ezinhlanganweni zezolimo nasemapulazini azimele. Ukuhlaziya kwethu kukhombise ukuthi esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyi-10, isabelo semindeni ekukhiqizeni amazambane sehle sisuka kuma-89% saya kuma-76%, kanti isabelo samabhizinisi ezolimo sikhuphukile sisuka ku-7 saya ku-14%, imindeni yabampofu (abalimi) nosomabhizinisi ngabanye - sisuka ku-4 kuye ku-10,5 % (isithombe 1).
Ngokusobala, eminyakeni eyalandela, singalindela ukwehliswa okuqhubekayo kwesabelo semindeni kumthamo ophelele wokukhiqizwa kwamazambane kuze kube sezingeni lamathani ayizigidi eziyi-16-18 (ngo-2016 kwakungamathani ayizigidi ezingama-24,2, ngo-2017 - amathani ayizigidi ezingama-22,8). kanye nomthelela wabo emakethe yamazambane wokuhweba uzoqhubeka nokwehla. Ukwanda okungenzeka ekukhiqizweni okuphelele kwamazambane okuhweba emabhizinisini ezolimo, amapulazi abalimi kanye nosomabhizinisi ngabanye kufinyelela ezingeni lamathani ayizigidi eziyi-7-8 kungafinyelelwa ngenxa yokwanda kwesivuno futhi ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokwandiswa kwendawo iye kumahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-305-310.
Izinkomba ezibikezelwe zokuvunwa kwamazambane okujwayelekile esikhathini esizayo esiseduze kumabhizinisi ezolimo kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe besimanje kungazinza ezingeni lama-25-26 t / ha (ngo-2017 - 25,8 t / ha). Emapulazini abalimi, okungenzeka ukuthi, izinga lesivuno lizohlala phakathi kuka-20-22 t / ha (ngo-2017 kwakungu-20,6 t / ha), ikakhulu ngenxa yesizinda esibuyela emuva kakhulu nesisekelo sobuchwepheshe emapulazini amaningi uma kuqhathaniswa namabhizinisi ezolimo, kanye nakho konke ukufinyelela okunzima kakhulu kubalimi ukuqasha imishini, imali ebolekwa emabhange, uxhaso lomanyolo, uphethiloli nezinye izinsiza.
Kungalindelwa ukuthi ngo-2018. indawo ephelele engaphansi kwamazambane emapulazini azo zonke izigaba izosondela ezinkomba zonyaka odlule futhi okungenani izoba amahektha ayizigidi eziyi-1,27, kufaka phakathi izinhlangano zezolimo kanye namapulazi abalimi ezingeni lamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-300 nasemakhaya - amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-970. Ukugcwaliseka kwalezi zinkomba kudingekile kakhulu ukuvikela ukwehla komkhiqizo, okungafaka ukwanda kwesabelo sokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kubhalansi yamazambane athengiswayo.
Ezimweni zesimanje, ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane amakhulu akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kohlelo olusungulwe kahle lokuhlinzeka ngezinhlangano zezolimo ezikhula ngamazambane, abampofu (abalimi) amapulazi kanye nosomabhizinisi abazimele ngezinhlobo ezisezingeni eliphakeme zamakilasi ama-elite amakilasi aphezulu kanye nokuzaliswa okuphakeme. Mayelana nalokhu, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwesilinganiso kanye nokwenza ngcono okumangalisayo ikhwalithi yamazambane asekuqaleni nawokuphakama kwembewu kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu embonini yamazambane azinzileyo futhi engabizi.
Ngokwemiphumela yokuqapha yeFederal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr", inani lamazambane embewu atshaliwe emapulazini azo zonke izigaba ngonyaka wezi-2017 kwakungamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3613 (ngo-2016 - amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3803,4), kufaka phakathi ama-743 atshalwe ezinhlanganweni zezolimo nasemapulazini abalimi. amathani ayizinkulungwane, emakhaya - amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-2870. Imiphumela yokuqapha ikhwalithi yamazambane embewu ukuhambisana nezidingo zamazinga (ngokusho kweFederal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr") ikhonjisiwe kuThebula 3.
Le mininingwane ikhombisa ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yamazambane embewu angahlangabezani nezidingo zamazinga atshalwa minyaka yonke ezinhlanganweni zezolimo nakwezamabhizinisi amancane (abalimi).
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zamazambane ezitholakalayo nakho akukasebenzi ngokwanele. Ngo-2017, izinhlobo ezingama-428 zamazambane zethulwe kuRejista Yombuso Yokuphumelela Kokuzalisa Okuvunyelwe Ukusetshenziswa, okuyizinhlobonhlobo ezingama-221 (52%) ezenziwa ngabafuyi basekhaya. Ngasikhathi sinye, isabelo sezinhlobonhlobo zabasunguli basekhaya kumthamo ophelele wembewu etshaliwe sasingu-17,3% kuphela. Abaholi ngokwenani lamazambane embewu babeyizinhlobonhlobo ezinjengeGala (19,6%), iRed Scarlett (13,8%), iNevsky (5,6%), iLady Claire (5,3%), iRosara (4,5%) , Inhlanhla (4,1%), iZekura (2,3%), iVeneta (2%). Ezinhlotsheni eziyishumi ezihamba phambili, eziyisishiyagalombili zingabokudabuka kwamanye amazwe kanti ezimbili kuphela ezokuzalanisa kwaseRussia.
Eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, ngokusho kwemiphumela yokuhlaziywa okufanayo, izinhlobo ezine ezifuywayo zangena kubaholi abahlanu abaphezulu: uNevsky, Udacha, Lugovskoy, Elizaveta kanye noyedwa kuphela wangaphandle - uRomano. Isabelo esiphezulu sabasunguli bamazwe angaphandle emakethe yamazambane embewu sinokuthambekela okuya phezulu, okudala usongo lwangempela lokuqhubeka kokufuduswa kwezinhlobo zaseRussia kusuka ekukhiqizeni.
Kuze kube manje, esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zeleveli ephansi yokukhiqizwa kwamazambane ezifundeni eziningi ukungcoliswa okuphezulu kwembewu enama-phytopathogens athelelekile. Le nkinga ijwayelekile emabhizinisini amaningi ezolimo, emapulazini abampofu, futhi ikakhulukazi emizini, lapho kwenziwa khona amazambane okuhlala isikhathi eside asetshenziselwa ukutshala, okuthinta kakhulu izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, ukhunta kanye negciwane.
Izici zemvelo zamazambane njengesiko elisatshalaliswa ngokufakelwa zinomthelela ekuqongeleleni ngokushesha ukutheleleka ngesikhathi sokuzala kwezinto ezibonakalayo zembewu. Isimo sikhulu iqiniso lokuthi abatshali bezambane abaningi abakubheki ukwahlukaniswa kwezitshalo kwezitshalo, ukushintshwa kwezilimo, futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi abenzi izindlela zokuzivikela ngendlela efanele nangesikhathi esifanele.
Ukonakala kwesimo esilinganisweni samazambane amazambane ezinhlobo zaseRussia nezakwamanye amazwe nakho kubangelwa kakhulu ukuthi izinga lobuchwepheshe lokukhiqizwa kwembewu yasekhaya kanye nemishini yezobuchwepheshe yezinhlangano eziningi ezivela ezinhlobonhlobo zaseRussia zimane nje zingalinganiswa nezinga lokukhethwa kwezinsuku zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu nezikhungo zembewu nezinkampani. Mayelana nalokhu, ukwamukelwa kwezinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokwenza umsebenzi wesimanje kanye nobuchwepheshe bezitshalo zikhiqizwe namazambane nokwenziwa kwezindawo ezikhethiwe zanamuhla kanye nezikhungo zembewu kuba ngomunye wemisebenzi esiphuthumayo kakhulu ekwakhiweni kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane eRussia.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuqaliswa kwamaphrojekthi wokutshala imali okuhloswe ngawo ukudala kanye (noma) nokwenza izikhungo zezolimo zibe zesimanje ngaphakathi kohlaka lweFederal Scientific and technical Programme Lokuthuthukiswa Kwezolimo lowezi-2017-2025 kuzobaluleka kakhulu.
Ukuthuthuka okumangazayo kuyadingeka ngesimo emkhakheni wokuxhaswa kwesayensi embonini yamazambane. Okubaluleke kakhulu kufanele kube ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kobuchwepheshe obusha bokukhetha nokukhiqiza imbewu, okwandisa ukuncintisana kwezinhlobo zokukhethwa ezifuywayo nokusheshisa ukukhushulwa kwabo ekukhiqizeni.
Lokhu, futhi, kudinga ukwanda okukhulu kweleveli yesayensi neyokwakheka kanye nokwanda kwenani lomsebenzi owenziwe ngesisekelo sezikhungo zezesayensi ezindaweni ezibaluleke kakhulu zocwaningo oluyisisekelo nosesho, kufaka phakathi:
- Ukudalwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha ezethembisayo zamazambane anezici ezinqunyelwe kwezomnotho ezisuselwa ekukhetheni kwendabuko kanye nezindlela zesimanje zokukhetha okumaka nokumaka uphawu lwe-genomic;
- ukwakhiwa nokwandiswa kwesisekelo sezimpawu ze-DNA, ukusesha kanye nentuthuko yezimpawu ezintsha ze-DNA ezidingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe ukukhethwa okumaka okusebenzayo nokwenziwa ngempumelelo;
- ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokuhlela okuhlosiwe kwe-potome genome ukuze kutholakale izakhi zofuzo ezinesici esibalulekile kwezomnotho sokuzalela okulandelayo;
- ukulondolozwa, ukugcinwa, ukuthuthukiswa kokuqokelelwa kofuzo; ukwakhiwa kwamaqoqo okusebenzela ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha ezifuywayo zokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene okuhlosiwe nokwenziwa ngalesi sisekelo sezikhungo ezihlanganisiwe zokuzisebenzisela abafuyi;
- ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokuxilongwa kwama-phytopathogens kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zokuhlola ezibucayi kakhulu ezisuselwa kubuchwepheshe be-PCR, ukuhlolwa kwe-immunosorbent kanye ne-immunochromatographic okuhlonza ukuthola amagciwane namagciwane athela amazambane;
- ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zesimanje ze-biotechnological kanye nobuchwepheshe be-meristem-izicubu zokukhiqiza kanye ne-micropropagation ye-clonal yezinto ezibonakalayo ze-in vitro; indalo ngalesi sisekelo sesikhwama sokuncintisana samazambane embewu yasekuqaleni yezinhlobo ezintsha ezithembisayo;
- ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusebenzayo bokutshala, ukuvuna, ukugcina nokuvikela amazambane kumagciwane kanye nengcindezi ye-abiotic.
Amandla abonakalayo okwenyuka kwangempela kwevolumu yokukhiqizwa kwamazambane angasetshenziswa esigabeni semindeni yabalimi (abalimi) kanye nosomabhizinisi ngabanye. Ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane kulo mkhakha, ukuthuthukiswa kokubambisana phakathi kwamapulazi ekukhiqizeni nasekujikelezeni kwamazambane okudla nembewu kubaluleke kakhulu (ngemininingwane engaphezulu, bheka iphephabhuku i "Potato System" No. 4, 2017).
Ngokuvamile, ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kokukhula kwamazambane nokukhulisa ukusebenza kwawo emapulazini azo zonke izigaba kuzoncika ekutheni ukuphumelela kwezinyathelo ezibalulekile kuqinisekiswa kanjani ngempumelelo, kufaka phakathi:
- ukukhuphuka kwendawo yokutshala amazambane emkhakheni wezempahla (amapulazi ezolimo kanye nampofu) kuya kumahektare angama-305-310, okuyothi uma kukhiqizwa isivuno esingama-25-26 t / ha, kuzoqinisekisa ukuvuna okuphelele kwamazambane athengiswayo kulezi zigaba zamapulazi ngezinga okungenani lama-7 amathani ayisigidi;
- ukukhuphuka kwesivuno samazambane esijwayelekile esigabeni semizi kuya ku-17-18 t / ha, okuthi, noma sinciphe ngokuqhubeka endaweni kulesi sigaba samapulazi, kuzoqinisekisa ukuvuna okuphelele okungenani kwamathani ayizigidi eziyi-17-18 ukuvala isidingo sangempela, kucatshangelwa amasiko asekiwe wokuzanelisa amazambane izingxenye zezwe;
- ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ezahlukahlukene, ngokuyinhloko impumelelo ephume phambili yokuzalanisa ezifuywayo, kanye nokwakha izimo zokukhula ngokushesha komkhiqizo kanye nokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yamazambane embewu, kanye nokukhuthaza kanye nokwethula izinhlobo ezintsha ezethembisayo zokukhethwa kwasekhaya emakethe;
- ukwazi kahle nokugcinwa ngokuqinile kwezinhlelo zanamuhla kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nemigomo esekwe ngokwesayensi yokwenziwa kwamazambane okuqala, abedumile nabazalo;
- ukukhulisa ukuthengiswa kwamazambane ngokusebenzisa izinto ezisezingeni eliphakeme zembewu yasekhaya, imikhiqizo ephumelelayo yokuvikela izitshalo kanye nokungenisa ubuchwepheshe obusha bezolimo;
- ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha wokulungiselela amazambane nokushukumisa ukufezekiswa kwamaphrojekthi wokutshala imali ophumelelayo ukwakha amabhizinisi wesimanje wokusebenza ngobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ngokukhiqiza amanani amakhulu ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemikhiqizo yamazambane (ama-french fries, chips, amazambane abunjiwe, njll);
- ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yemakethe yamazambane nemikhiqizo yamazambane, ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo zezinto ezithinta izifunda zokudla nokudla kwembewu namazambane;
- ukukhulisa inzalo yamabhange ekutshaleni imali emkhakheni wezolimo, kubandakanya nokukhiqiza nokusebenza kwamazambane.
Ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo kwalezi zinyathelo ezibekwe ngenhla nezinqumo ezibalulekile ezibalulekile maduze nje kuzoba nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni imboni, kuqinisekiswe ukukhiqizwa ngokuphelele kwamazambane, kunciphise ukuxhomekeka kokungenayo, kwakha izinhlelo zanamuhla zokuqhakambisa amazambane nemikhiqizo yamazambane yekhwalithi yasekhaya eqinisekisiwe emakethe.