Territory: 83 km2.
Abantu: Abantu abayi-1, abangama-791% kubo bangabahlali basemadolobheni.
Indawo yendawo: Isifunda saseLeningrad sitholakala endaweni ye-East European Plain. Imingcele enyakatho neRiphabhulikhi yaseKarelia, empumalanga nesifunda saseVologda, eningizimu-mpumalanga nesifunda saseNovgorod, eningizimu nesifunda sasePskov, entshonalanga ne-Estonia nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga neFinland. Kusukela entshonalanga, insimu yaseSt. Petersburg kanye nesifunda saseLeningrad igezwa ngamanzi eGulf of Finland.
Isimo sezulu: I-Atlantic-continental. Ubuningi bomoya wasolwandle bubangela ubusika obupholile obunokuncibilika njalo kanye nehlobo elifudumele ngokulingene. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile likaJanuwari lingu-11°, izinga lokushisa elivamile likaJulayi lingu-+17°. Isimo sezulu esibanda kakhulu sijwayelekile ezifundeni ezisempumalanga, ezifudumele kakhulu ezifundeni eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga. Inani lemvula ngonyaka lingama-600-800 mm, inani elikhulu kunawo wonke liwela ezindaweni eziphakeme futhi elincane kakhulu ezindaweni eziphansi ezisogwini. Imvula idlangile ehlobo nasekwindla. Ebusika, imvula iwa ngendlela yeqhwa; isembozo seqhwa esihlala njalo sivela engxenyeni yesibili kaNovemba futhi siyanyamalala engxenyeni yesibili ka-April. Ingqikithi yenani lezinsuku ezinemvula lilinganiselwa ku-290.
Ukukhulula: eyisicaba kakhulu enobude obuphelele obungamamitha angama-50-150 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Kodwa insimu ye-Karelian Isthmus ihlukaniswa yizindawo ezimazombezombe ezinamachibi amaningi. Iphuzu eliphakeme kakhulu yiNtaba iKivisurya enobude obungamamitha angama-203.
Inhlabathi: ikakhulukazi i-podzolic, impofu ku-humus futhi ibonakala nge-asidi ebalulekile. Ngasikhathi sinye, inhlabathi eqinile ye-podzolic enongqimba olungaphezulu oluminyene yakhiwa kuma-loams, ezindaweni eziphansi ngokuqoqwa komswakama okwandisiwe. Ezindaweni eziyisihlabathi nezihlabathi ezingagcini kahle umswakama, inhlabathi ebuthakathaka ye-podzolic itholakala emahlathini kaphayini. Lapho kugcwele khona uhlaza olune-herbaceous - ekugawulweni kwehlathi, emahlathini axubile noma aluhlaza - kutholakala inhlabathi ene-soddy-podzolic. Amatshe amakhulu akha inhlabathi ubumba, i-loams, isihlabathi kanye ne-peat.
Umhlaba wezolimo: amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-617,6, okuyindawo yokulima - amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-360.
Isifunda saseLeningrad, ngokuya ngendawo yaso, sisendaweni yezolimo eyingozi. Le ndawo ibonakala ngezimo zezulu ezinzima (ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa njalo, imvula enamandla) kanye nenhlabathi empofu. Konke lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane etafuleni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isimo sezulu esisenyakatho esenza isifunda sivumelane nokukhiqizwa kwembewu: namuhla esifundeni saseLeningrad, ikakhulukazi amazambane embewu ayatshalwa.
Ngokusho kwedatha ka-2017, esifundeni saseLeningrad, cishe amabhizinisi ezolimo angama-50 namapulazi abalimi benza ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-4,7.
Izinhlobo zamazambane ezingaphezu kuka-40 ziyatshalwa esifundeni, okungenani ezingama-37% zifuywayo (isilinganiso saseRussia singama-25%), ama-28% ale nombolo yizinhlobo zaseRussia ezakhiwe abalimi besifunda saseLeningrad.
Esifundeni, amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-16 embewu yamazambane asetshenziswa minyaka yonke ukutshala, kufaka phakathi amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-6 wasekhaya kanye namathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10 okukhethwa kwamanye amazwe. Kusukela kumbewu yokukhetha kwamanye amazwe:
- amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingu-0,5 (5%) okukhiqizwa kwamanye amazwe;
- Amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyisi-9,5 (95%) akhiqizwa amabhizinisi esifunda ngokuzimela (ubuchwepheshe bokukhula kwezinhlobo zamazambane zakwamanye amazwe sebuchwepheshile futhi amalungelo okusungula atholakele).
Isifunda sase-Leningrad singesinye sezifundo eziyishumi ze-Russian Federation eziqokwe nguHulumeni Wenhlangano YaseRussia njengezivivinyo zokuqaliswa koHlelo Olubanzi Oluqondiwe lwe-Russian Federation. "Ukusekelwa kwesayensi ekudalweni kwesikhwama sembewu yasekhaya, imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo ngenhloso yokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yezolimo encintisanayo ngabakhiqizi baseRussia, kanye nokudalwa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza (ukukhula) nokugcinwa kwemikhiqizo enjalo ka-2016-2025. ”
Amandla okuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane esifundeni saseLeningrad alungiswa yilezi zinto ezilandelayo:
- izimo zemvelo nezimo zezulu ezilungele lolu hlobo lomsebenzi (isizinda esiphansi sezinambuzane nezifo ezibangelwa umoya ovela oLwandle iBaltic ehlobo, inhlabathi ebanda kakhulu kuze kufike ekujuleni kongqimba olimekayo ebusika);
- ukutholakala kwezikhungo zocwaningo;
- iminyaka eminingi yokuhlangenwe nakho ekukhiqizeni imbewu yamazambane ngamabhizinisi ezolimo esifundeni.
Amabanga
Abafuyi besifunda saseLeningrad basebenza ngenkuthalo ukwakha izinhlobo ezintsha zamazambane zaseRussia. Ngokusho kukaNadim Gadzhiev, inhloko yomnyango wokukhetha kanye nokukhiqizwa kwembewu ye-Leningrad Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture "Belogorka", izinhlobo ezifuywayo azizona nje eziphansi kunezangaphandle, kodwa ezicini eziningi (isibonelo, isivuno, ubungane bemvelo) kanye iphakeme kuneminikelo evela kwamanye amazwe. Phakathi kwempumelelo yakamuva yabafuyi, uNadim Gadzhiev waphawula uhlobo lwakuqala kakhulu lwe-Charoit (ukumba kokuqala kungenzeka ngosuku lwama-45 ngemuva kokuhluma. Ukukhiqiza kusuka ku-60 t/ha nangaphezulu, izinga eliphezulu lepulasitiki - libonisa imiphumela emihle kokubili okomile nokumanzi. iminyaka) kanye nenhlobonhlobo ye-Gusar yaphakathi nesizini (isivuno esisuka ku-60 t/ha nangaphezulu, ukuthengiseka ngo-95%, ukumelana nomdlavuza, i-golden potato nematode, izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane). I-Charoite yafakwa kuRejista Yesifunda Ye-Russian Federation yesifunda saseNyakatho-ntshonalanga ngo-2014, i-Gusar - kuRejista Yesifundazwe ye-Russian Federation yezifunda zaseNorthwestern naseVolga-Vyatka ngo-2017.
Manje ososayensi e-Leningrad Research Institute of Agriculture balungiselela izinhlobo ezintathu ezintsha ezinesikhumba esibomvu ukuze zikhishwe.
IZIMBANGELA UKUZALWA
Ezingeni lochwepheshe, amapulazi ayisishiyagalombili asebenza ekukhiqizeni imbewu yamazambane esifundeni, agunyazwe ohlelweni lwesitifiketi sokuzithandela "i-Rosselkhoztsentr" futhi afakwe kurejista ehlanganisiwe yamapulazi embewu weRussian Federation.
Emapulazini amathathu kwayisishiyagalombili embewu aqinisekisiwe, ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane okuyisisekelo kuhlelwa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-meristem (ZAO Oktyabrskoye, ZAO PZ Prinevskoye, kanye ne-LLC Slavyanka M).
Lawa mapulazi afakwe amalabhorethri afanelekile. Isamba esiphelele sokukhiqiza singamayunithi ayizinkulungwane ezingama-259. ama-microplants nama-pcs ayizigidi eziyi-1,95. ama-minitubers ngonyaka, isivuno se-super-super elite singamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,8 ngonyaka. Ukukhiqizwa kwaminyaka yonke kwama-microplants esifundeni kungama-33% (kusuka kumayunithi ayizinkulungwane ezingama-776,8) kanye nama-minitubers - 19% (kusuka kumayunithi ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10478,8) - indawo yokuqala neyesibili evela kumthamo wokukhiqiza eRussia.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, emapulazini: I-Vsevolozhskaya Breeding Station LLC, i-Semenovodstvo LLC, igatsha le-FGBNU Menkovsky le-API, ukukhiqizwa kwembewu eyinhloko yamazambane kuhlelwe kusetshenziswa indlela ye-clonal. Isamba sokukhiqiza se-super-super elite kula mapulazi singamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-0,56 ngonyaka.
Isamba esiphelele se-super-super elite esikhiqizwe esifundeni ngezindlela ezimbili sifinyelele amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingu-2,4 eminyakeni emithathu. Inhlanganisela yezindlela ezimbili zokukhiqiza imbewu eyinhloko yenza kube nokwenzeka ukugcina amandla ezinhlobonhlobo kanye nezimfanelo zokuhlwanyela zembewu yamazambane ezingeni eliphezulu.
Isifunda saseLeningrad, sicabangela amandla aso akhona, singaphinda kabili ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane uma kunesidingo esandayo salo mkhiqizo kwezinye izifunda zeRussian Federation, ngaleyo ndlela sithathela indawo ukuthengwa kwamazambane embewu evela e-European Union.
Namuhla, cishe amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-8 wamazambane embewu athengiswa minyaka yonke esifundeni, kufaka phakathi amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-6 ahlinzekwa ngaphandle kwesifunda - ezifundeni ezingama-33 zeRussian Federation, ukusuka esifundeni sase-Arkhangelsk kuya eRiphabhulikhi yaseDagestan ukusuka enyakatho kuye eningizimu naseKaliningrad. esifundeni kuya eSakhalin ukusuka entshonalanga kuya eMpumalanga.
Uhlelo olukhona lwesifunda lokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane lusekelwe ekutholeni izinto eziwumthombo ikakhulukazi kumalabhorethri afanelekile. Ngaso leso sikhathi, umkhuba ususunguliwe lapho zontathu izigaba zokukhiqiza imbewu zihlanganiswa epulazini elilodwa: ukuthola impahla yomthombo, ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yokuqala kanye ne-elite. Ngokuhambisanayo, ukukhethwa kwe-clonal kwenziwa ensimini, futhi ukuqoqwa kwama-microplants kubuyekezwa njalo ngokwethula ama-clone wensimu angcono kakhulu kusiko lwamashubhu okuhlola.
Ngo-2017, amabhizinisi esifundeni agcine amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-21,6 wamazambane ukuze agcinwe ebusika - 119% wezinga lika-2016 kanye no-210% wesidingo sokuhlwanyela entwasahlobo (amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10,2).
UHLELO LOKULAWULA IKHWALITHI LEMBEWU
Esifundeni saseLeningrad, kuye kwenziwa uhlelo lokulawula kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane. Izinga lama-microplants lihlolwa ngendlela ye-PCR enembe kakhulu, ezingeni le-DNA. Esigabeni sezinto zomthombo (ama-microplants) kanye nembewu yasekuqaleni, ukuxilonga kwenziwa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-ELISA. Ezimweni zensimu, zonke izici ezidingekayo zobuchwepheshe zenziwa ngokuqinile; izakhiwo zomshini we-Grimme ezifakazelwe kahle zisetshenziselwa ukutshala, ukunakekela, ukuvuna nokugcina amazambane.
IZIMPAHLA ZOKUthuthuka
Ukuze ugweme ukuncika ekusetshenzisweni kwezinhlobo zamazambane ezifuywe kwamanye amazwe, inqubomgomo yesifunda ekuthuthukiseni ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane ihloselwe ukudala izinhlobo ezintsha zamazambane ezifuywayo ezinezakhiwo ezingcono zabathengi zokukhiqiza izimboni, ukudala izimo ezinhle zokukhiqiza imbewu yazo eyinhloko, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukwethulwa kwabo ekukhiqizeni.
Ukuze kusetshenziswe uhlelo lokusekelwa kwesayensi nezobuchwepheshe ekuthuthukisweni kwezolimo esifundeni, uMkhandlu Wokuxhumanisa wakhiwe kuHulumeni Wesifunda saseLeningrad.
Ngo-2016, kwasungulwa umqondo (uhlelo) lokusekelwa kwesayensi nezobuchwepheshe ekuthuthukisweni kokutshala amazambane esifundeni saseLeningrad. Lolu hlelo aluhlinzeki ngokwakhiwa kwesikhungo esisha sokukhethwa kanye nokukhiqiza imbewu esifundeni. Ukuthuthukiswa kokutshala amazambane kuzokwenziwa kucatshangelwa amandla akhona esayensi namandla abakhiqizi bezolimo abenza ukukhiqizwa kwembewu okuyisisekelo kanye ne-elite.
Abahlanganyeli ohlelweni Lokuthuthukiswa Kokukhula Kwamazambane esifundeni saseLeningrad yilaba:
- I-All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (ukuze yenze umsebenzi wokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane kanye namakhemikhali e-agrochemicals emvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo ekukhuleni kwamazambane);
- Igatsha lasePushkin le-All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources eliqanjwe ngo-N.I. I-Vavilov (ngesisekelo sokuthi kuzokwenziwa ukuhlolwa kwemvelo kanye nendawo yezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane asekhaya);
- I-FGBNU "I-Leningrad Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture "Belogorka" (ukuze yenze umsebenzi wokudala izinhlobo ezintsha zokuncintisana zezitshalo zezolimo);
- I-LLC "Vsevolozhskaya Breeding Station" (izinhlobo zamazambane esiteshini ziyaziwa kakhulu futhi zidingeka kakhulu, isibonelo, izinhlobonhlobo ze-"Nevsky" zikleliswe endaweni yesibili ekubekweni kwezinhlobo zamazambane eRussia Federation).
- amapulazi embewu: ZAO Oktyabrskoye, ZAO PZ Prinevskoye, LLC Slavyanka M, LLC Semenovodstvo, FGBNU Menkovsky igatsha le-AFI (ngenhloso yokusabalalisa, ukuhlolwa kwezimboni kanye nokwethulwa ekukhiqizeni izinhlobo ezithembisayo zasekhaya).
Ukuze kusetshenziswe imisebenzi ehlelelwe ukuthuthukiswa kokutshala amazambane esifundeni saseLeningrad, kuzocatshangelwa izivumelwano ezintathu phakathi kukaHulumeni Wesifunda, izikhungo zesayensi yezolimo kanye nabakhiqizi bezolimo.
Kusukela ngo-2017, izimali zesabelomali zesifunda ngenani lama-ruble ayizigidi ezingu-10 zinikezwa indawo yokuqala yokuthuthukiswa kokukhula kwamazambane. ngonyaka ukubuyisela izindleko kubakhiqizi bezolimo ngendlela yezibonelelo zale misebenzi elandelayo:
- ukutholwa kwemishini yokuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane,
- ukwethulwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane asekhaya ekukhiqizeni,
- ukutholwa kwemishini yaselabhorethri ethuthukisiwe ukuthuthukisa ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yamazambane akhiqizwayo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwama-minitubers ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iKomidi lazisa ukuthi isifunda saseLeningrad minyaka yonke (ngowezi-2016 naseminyakeni eyalandela enani lama-ruble ayizigidi ezingama-63) sabela isabelomali sesifunda ukuze kubuyiselwe izindleko zabakhiqizi bezolimo abatshala amazambane ukuze kuthengwe imishini ngaphakathi kohlaka. yohlelo olungaphansi “lwesimanjemanje lobuchwepheshe nezobuchwepheshe” , ukuthuthukiswa kokusha" kohlelo lukahulumeni.
Indaba ilungiswe yinkonzo yabezindaba yeKomidi leComplex yezoLimo nezokuDoba esifundeni saseLeningrad.