Territory: 95,5 izinkulungwane zamamitha skwele km
Abantu: Abantu abayizigidi eziyi-2
Isikhundla sendawo: isifunda itholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga ye Western Siberia. Enyakatho imingcele esifundeni saseTomsk, empumalanga neKrasnoyarsk Territory kanye neRiphabhulikhi yaseKhakassia, eningizimu neRiphabhulikhi yase-Altai ne-Altai Territory, entshonalanga neSifunda saseNovosibirsk.
Isimo sezulu ngokucijile izwekazi. Ubusika bubanda futhi bubude, ihlobo lifushane futhi lifudumele. Izinga lokushisa lomoya lanyanga zonke ngoJanuwari lisuka ku--18 liye ku-22 ° С, ngoJulayi lisuka ku-+17 ° С liye ku-+22 ° С. Izinga lokushisa lomoya lifinyelela emazingeni aphezulu kakhulu ehlobo (+ 38 ° С), aphansi kakhulu - ebusika (eningizimu yesifunda kufika ku -54 ° С, enyakatho kuze kufike ku -57 ° С). Inani lemvula lisuka ku-300 kuya ku-500 mm ngonyaka, ezindaweni ezinezintaba - kufika ku-900 mm ngonyaka.
Impumuzo: endaweni yesifunda kukhona i-mountain-taiga, ihlathi-asemaqeleni namathafa. Inyakatho yesifunda iyingxenye eseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-West Siberian Plain, empumalanga nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yizintaba ze-Kuznetsk Alatau, eningizimu-ntshonalanga yi-Salair ridge, eningizimu iyizintaba zeGornaya Shoria, ingxenye ephakathi yi-Kuznetsk depression. .
Inhlabathi: izinhlobonhlobo zokukhululeka nesimo sezulu kudala inhlabathi ehlukahlukene kanye nesembozo sezitshalo. Indawo enkulu kunazo zonke ithathwa izinhlobonhlobo zenhlabathi ye-sod-podzolic; ama-chernozems akhona e-Kuznetsk Basin.
Indawo yezolimo: Amahektha ayizigidi ezi-2,66, okuyindawo yokulima - amahektha ayizigidi eziyi-1,47.
I-SEASON 2017. KULULA NOKUKHULA KWAYIYA
Ngo-2017, indawo yokutshala amazambane esifundeni saseKemerovo yayingamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-45,7, isivuno esikhulu sasingamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingu-723 ngesivuno esimaphakathi se-158 c / ha. Ngokulandelayo kusukela izibalo ezingenhla, ukukhiqizwa amazambane kuqhathaniswa 2015-2016. inyuke ngo-3% ngokunyuka kwesivuno esimaphakathi ngo-13%.
Njengamanje, amapulazi angama-41 atshala amazambane esifundeni saseKemerovo. Kodwa isivuno esiningi (76%) siwela emapulazini angaphansi ezakhamuzi. Njengakulo lonke elaseRussia, eKuzbass, kunomkhuba wokuthi abantu banciphise indawo yokutshala amazambane (ngo-10% kule minyaka emihlanu edlule), kodwa isivuno, ngakho-ke isivuno esikhulu samazambane ngasese. imindeni, ikhula (ngo-38% no-23%, ngokulandelana).
I-Potato Union ilinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwamazambane ngonyaka eRussia ngamakhilogremu angama-80 umuntu ngamunye ngonyaka, iNhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo yeZizwe Ezihlangene - ku-130 kg umuntu ngamunye.
Ngokusho kukaKemerovostat, ekuqaleni kuka-2017, inani labantu base-Kemerovo Region lalingabantu abayizigidi ezingu-2,709 (kuhlanganise nezingane ezincane). Ngakho-ke, ngisho nokucabangela isilinganiso esiphezulu sokusetshenziswa (130 kg umuntu ngamunye ngonyaka), i-Kuzbass ekupheleni kuka-2017 yazihlinzeka ngamazambane ngo-205,3%.
UHLELO LOKUQEQESHA LOMBUMBA
Ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi embonini ekhulayo yamazambane esifundeni saseKemerovo kwenziwa e-Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Kemerovo State Agricultural Institute" (FGBOU VO Kemerovo State Agricultural Institute). Lesi sikhungo sinikeza ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile "Agronomy" kokubili ngaphansi kohlelo lwemfundo yesibili yokufundela kanye nezinhlelo ze-undergraduate (amaphrofayili "Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza izitshalo", "Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, ukugcinwa nokucutshungulwa kwemikhiqizo yezitshalo", "Izinhlelo Zobuchwepheshe ebhizinisini lezolimo") kanye neziqu ze-master ...
Minyaka yonke, i-Faculty of Agrarian Technologies ye-Kemerovo State Agricultural Institute yenza iziqu ze-agronomists ezingaba ngu-35 (eminyangweni yesikhathi esigcwele neyesikhashana).
UKUTHUTHUKISWA KWENGqalasizinda
Namuhla esifundeni sase-Kemerovo kunezitolo zemifino ezingama-52 ezinomthamo ophelele wamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-162,9 okugcina kanyekanye. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ama-76% esitshalo samazambane atshaliwe, ngakho-ke, agcinwa abantu ngokwabo, izindawo zokugcina ezitholakalayo zanele impela emkhakheni wezimboni.
Njengomthetho, abalimi bakha izindawo zokugcina ezintsha belindele ukukhulisa indawo yokutshala futhi, ngokufanele, umthamo wamazambane aqoqwe. Ngakho-ke, umholi ongenakuphikiswa e-Kuzbass mayelana nendawo ephelele yamasimu amazambane kanye nokuqoqwa kwamazambane - i-KDV-Agro LLC - ihlela ukwandisa indawo yokutshala isuka ku-2,3 kuya ku-3 wamahektha ayizinkulungwane. Ngenxa yalokhu, inkampani yakha indawo yokugcina amazambane enamandla amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-12; ukuthunyelwa kwayo kuhlelelwe u-2018.
Kuzoba inkimbinkimbi yesimanje yezinga elikhulu elifakwe ubuchwepheshe bamuva - izinga lokushisa elidingekayo kanye nomswakama kuzogcinwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kuyo.
Sekukonke, ngo-2018, i-Kuzbass ihlela ukuthumela izindawo ezimbili zokugcina amazambane zesimanje ezinomthamo ophelele wamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-14,5, ngo-2019 - izitolo ezimbili zemifino ezinomthamo wamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,8.
UKUKHETHA NOKUHLELA
I-Kemerovo Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture (igatsha leSiberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences) inelabhorethri yokukhetha amazambane, i-biotechnology kanye nobuchwepheshe bezolimo (inhloko yelabhorethri - uValentina Ivanovna Kulikova, ikhandidethi yesayensi yezolimo. , Usazi Webhizinisi). Izindawo eziyinhloko zomsebenzi welabhorethri ukukhethwa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwembewu yokuqala yamazambane.
UKUKHETHA
Isisekelo sokuzalanisa amazambane wucwaningo oluhlelekile nokukhethwa kwemithombo yezici ezibalulekile zokwakha izinhlobo ezinenkimbinkimbi yezimpawu eziwusizo kwezomnotho. Kulokhu, amasampula amazambane angaphezu kwe-150 avela eqoqweni lomhlaba le-All-Russian Institute of Plant Industry (VIR) afundwa minyaka yonke. Umsebenzi wokwakhiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane wenziwa ngokulandela uhlelo oluphelele lwenqubo yokuzalanisa kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
- ukuvuthwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi;
- ukukhiqiza okuphezulu;
- ukumelana nezifo ezivame kakhulu zefungal kanye negciwane;
- ukumelana ne-golden potato nematode;
- ukumelana ne-Colorado potato beetle;
- ukufaneleka kokulima ngemishini;
LYUBAVA - izinhlobonhlobo zakuqala ngezinjongo zokudlela. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zibomvu, ziyi-oval-round, inyama imhlophe. Amehlo aphakathi nendawo. Ukukhiqiza kufika ku-55 t/ha. Ukumaketha 90-96%. Isisindo se-tuber esidayiswayo singama-120-220 g. Okuqukethwe isitashi ngu-12-16%. Ukumelana nomdlavuza wamazambane. Isabela kahle ekusungulweni komanyolo we-organic and mineral, ukuchelela. Ukunambitheka okuhle. Inani lezinhlobonhlobo: inesikhathi sokulala esikhulayo, ikhwalithi ephezulu yokugcina, isivuno esikhulu samazambane okuqala (isilinganiso esiphezulu sokunisela 60 t / ha).
SUSA - Izinhlobonhlobo zangaphambi kwesikhathi ngokwezinjongo zethebula. Ama-Tubers amhlophe, ayindilinga-oval, inyama emhlophe. Amehlo aphakathi nendawo. Ukukhiqiza kufika ku-60 t/ha. Inqwaba yezilimo eziyizigaxa ezidayiswayo yi-100-110 g. Ukumaketha kungu-86-91%. Okuqukethwe isitashi kungu-13-15%. Imelana ngokuqhathaniswa ne-fluorosis sekwephuzile, utwayi oluvamile, i-Alternaria. Inani elihlukahlukene: elivezwa ngokubuthakathaka yi-golden potato nematode, linamandla okuhlanza umhlabathi aphezulu kusuka ku-golden potato nematode, i-dormancy eyengeziwe.
Ukusheshisa inqubo yokuzalanisa futhi wethule ngokushesha izinhlobo ezintsha ekukhiqizeni, ukukhetha kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ze-biotechnological (hybridization on sanitized material, ukuvuselelwa kwama-hybrids athembisayo ngesiko lamathishu, ukuzalanisa okusheshayo kwe-in vitro, ukuxilonga ngegciwane lezinto ezihlanganisiwe yi-ELISA).
Kusukela ngo-2016, umsebenzi uhlelwe ngokusetshenziswa kokukhethwa komsizi womaka, lapho ukuba khona kwezimpawu ze-DNA zokumelana namagciwane kanye nezinambuzane kunqunywa kumasampula eqoqo, izinhlobo ezintsha kanye nama-hybrids athembisayo: amagciwane e-Potato Y kanye ne-X, igolide. i-potato nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll), nematode ephaphathekile (Globodera pallida), inkalankala yamazambane (Syncytrium endobioticum).
UKUZALISWA KWEMBEWU YAZAMBATHI YAQINISO
Ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yoqobo kwenziwa ngezinhlobo zamazambane ezifakwe kuRejista Yombuso Yezimpumelelo Zokuzala esifundeni seshumi: Nevsky, Lyubava, Tuleevsky, Kuznechanka, Tanay kanye neKemerovochanin.
TULEYEVSKY - Izinhlobonhlobo zangaphambi kwesikhathi ngokwezinjongo zethebula. Umbala wezilimo eziyizigaxa kanye ne-pulp uphuzi, umumo u-oval. Amehlo awaboni. Ukukhiqiza kufika ku-48 t/ha. Isisindo sezilimo eziyizigaxa ezidayiswayo singu-122 g. Ukumaketha kungu-270-88%. Okuqukethwe isitashi 99-12%. Ukumelana nomdlavuza. Ingamelani nokulimaza sekwephuzile, utwayi, Alternaria. Inani elihlukahlukene: ukunambitheka okuhle kakhulu, ukunambitheka okumnandi kanye nokuvumelana kwe-pulp crumbly, isivuno esiphezulu esizinzile.
KUZNECHANKA - medium - izinhlobonhlobo zakuqala zokusetshenziswa etafuleni. I-tuber iyindilinga-oval, ibushelelezi, ibomvu, inyama imhlophe. Amehlo awaboni. Okuqukethwe isitashi 12,5-16,3%. Ukukhiqiza kufika ku-46 t/ha. Isisindo se-tuber yezentengiselwano yi-140-180 g. Ukumaketha kungu-93-97%. Ukunambitheka okuhle. Iphikisana namagciwane, i-phytophthorosis, i-scab evamile. Inani elihlukahlukene: lilungele ukucutshungulwa libe amazambane acwebile, isivuno esikhulu esingu-104,2 t/ha, ukubukeka okukhangayo.
- Ukuphindaphinda okusheshiswayo kwezinto zokuqala zamazambane ezivuselelwe ngokusikwa kwe-microclonal in vitro, izitshalo ezifinyelela ezinkulungwaneni ezi-5 ngonyaka.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobonhlobo ngendlela ye-apical meristem ehlangene ne-thermal kanye ne-chemotherapy, kunezinhlobo ezingu-29 eBhange Lezinhlobonhlobo Ezinempilo Zamazambane.
- Ukuphindaphinda okusheshayo kwezinto zokuqala ezivuselelwe zamazambane esikweni ku-vivo, kuze kufike izitshalo eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-11 ngonyaka.
- Ukuthola izilimo eziyizigaxa zokuqala zamazambane (ama-minitubers), kuze kufike kuma-tubers ayizinkulungwane ezingama-60 ngonyaka.
- Ukukhiqizwa konyaka okungafika kumathani angama-70,0 wembewu yamazambane yesizukulwane sokuqala kanye namathani angama-200,0 wekilasi elisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu.
- Ukuxilongwa kokutholakala kwe-pathogenesis efihlekile (amagciwane, i-bacteriosis) yi-ELISA kuzo zonke izigaba zokululama nokuzala.
Imbewu yokuqala yamazambane akhiqizwa yi-Kemerovo Research Institute of Agriculture isisabalale hhayi kuphela emapulazini esifunda saseKemerovo, kodwa nasezifundeni zaseNovosibirsk, Tomsk, Amur, Tyumen, Irkutsk, Tver, Ulyanovsk naseChelyabinsk; ezindaweni zase-Krasnoyarsk nase-Altai; Ama-republic of Khakassia, Buryatia, Tuva.
E-Kemerovo Research Institute of Agriculture (igatsha le-SFSCA RAS), kuye kwasungulwa izinhlobo zamazambane, okuthi, ngezakhiwo zazo, zihlukaniswe ngesivuno esikhulu, ipulasitiki kanye nokumelana nezifo.
IMIHLAZIYELWE NGAMAHHALA
Ekupheleni kuka-2017, i-Vesna LLC (ephethwe ngu-Nikolai Petrovich Safonov) yaba umholi mayelana nesivuno esifundeni saseKemerovo, izinkomba zebhizinisi zafinyelela ku-272,1 c / ha.
Iminyaka eminingana, i-KDV-Agro LLC (ingxenye ye-KDV Group, inhloko ye-KDV-Agro nguViktor Vasilyevich Beskorovaev) ibambe indawo yokuqala ngendawo yamasimu amazambane kanye nomthamo wokuvuna: ngo-2017 , inkampani yaqoqa amathani angu-2311 amazambane.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-KDV Group icubungula amazambane lapha, khona lapho: ngo-2011, endaweni ye-KDV Yashkino LLC (enye inkampani yeqembu), kwakhiwa ishabhu ehlukile enesitoreji esiseduze, ngo-2012 umugqa wesimanje we ukukhiqizwa kwama-chips kwafakwa, imishini emine yokupakisha. Umthamo wokutshalwa kwezimali ufinyelele kuma-ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili.
Amandla okukhiqiza alayini angamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-8,64 ngonyaka. Ibhizinisi licubungula cishe amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-60 wamazambane ngonyaka, umthamo wokukhiqiza ngo-2015 - amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-6,404, ngo-2016 - amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-7,301, ngo-2017 - amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-8,17.
I-KDV Group igcizelela izinzuzo ze-logistics ephumelelayo: lapho ukhula, uqoqa, ugcina amazambane futhi ukhiqiza ama-chips esifundeni esisodwa, izindleko zokuhamba ziyancishiswa.
AMATHEMBA OKUTHUTHUKISWA KOMBUNDU ESIFUNDENI
Izimo zezulu zesifunda saseKemerovo zivuna ukuthuthukiswa kokutshala imbewu kanye nokutshala amazambane. Izinhlobo ezifanele kakhulu zesifunda izinhlobonhlobo zamaqembu okuqala, aphakathi naphakathi naphakathi naphakathi nendawo, anenkathi yokukhula yezinsuku ezingu-65-80.
Intshisekelo yabalimi kulesi sitshalo nayo isekelwa yizinto zomnotho. Ngakho-ke, inzuzo yokukhiqiza amazambane ihlala ingeyodwa ephezulu kakhulu ekukhiqizeni izitshalo - ngokusho kuka-2017, lesi sibalo sasingu-+87,2%. Izintengo zemakethe zamazambane bezilokhu zikhula muva nje - ngokwezilinganiso ezahlukahlukene, ngo-2017 intengo yokuthengisa eRussia iyonke inyuke ngo-9,46-24%. Esifundeni sase-Kemerovo, ukukhula kwaba ngu-13,9% (idatha ye-Kemerovostat).
Ngasikhathi sinye, amazambane ayinto ebalulekile emphakathini, inani layo lokuzanelisa emfundisweni yokuphepha kokudla yeRussian Federation inqunywa ku-95%. Ekupheleni kuka-2017, ukuzimela kweRussia ngamazambane kulinganiselwa ku-90,7% (idatha evela kuMnyango Wezolimo), okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubikezela isimo semakethe esihle.
KUSUKA EMLANDWENI
Ngo-1942, epulazini elihlangene elithi "Krasny Perekop" lesifunda saseMariinsky esifundeni saseKemerovo, isixhumanisi sika-Anna Kondratyevna Yutkina sathola isivuno samazambane esirekhodiwe - 1331 c / ha.
Ngenxa yalesi sivuno esihle kakhulu (kuze kube manje asidlulwa yinoma ubani emhlabeni), abalimi bamazambane baklonyeliswe uMklomelo kaStalin (bathole ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu). Abesifazane bayidlulisele yonke le mali esikhwameni sezokuvikela sezwe. Futhi ilungu line, Anna Kondratyevna Yutkina, waklonyeliswa Order of Lenin. Ngo-May 20, 1948, ngomthetho we-Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, waklonyeliswa ngesihloko esithi Hero of Socialist Labor.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngo-1942 u-A.K. U-Yutkina wephule irekhodi lakhe lesivuno somhlaba. Ngaphambilini, ngo-1939, ithimba elifanayo endaweni yokuhlola yepulazi elihlangene laseKrasny Perekop lavuna ama-quintals angu-1217,28 amazambane ehektheleni elilodwa, elidlula irekhodi lomhlaba laseMelika ngama-quintals angu-117,8. U-Anna Kondratyevna Yutkina wabe eseklonyeliswa ngeNdondo Yegolide Enkulu Yombukiso WezoLimo We-All-Union, futhi isixhumanisi sakhe safakwa encwadini yokuhlonipha.
Isixhumanisi sikaYutkina siqhubekile nokubonisa imiphumela ephezulu, sithola, ngokuyisisekelo, amasentimitha angama-700 ngehektha lamazambane avela emasimini abo.
Ososayensi basaphikisana ngokuthi bekuyini isizathu sokuphumelela kwerekhodi. Ngokusho kukaSergei Sheshukov, umqondisi we-Mariinsk Istoricheskiy museum-reserve, ngaphezu kobuchwepheshe obuyingqayizivele bezolimo, imfihlo yayifihliwe ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi kososayensi abahamba phambili baseSoviet. Phakathi neminyaka yokucindezelwa kukaStalinist, iMariinsk yayiyisikhungo seSiblag.
TANAI - Izinhlobonhlobo zangaphambi kwesikhathi ngokwezinjongo zethebula. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ziphuzi, ziyi-oval eyindilinga, i-peel i-reticulate kancane, inyama iphuzi. Amehlo anokujula okuphakathi, ambalwa ngenani. Ukukhiqiza kufika ku-63 t/ha. Isisindo se-tuber yezentengiselwano yi-100 g. Ukumaketha kungu-180-92%. Okuqukethwe isitashi 98-13%. Okumaphakathi kungangenwa isifo esilimazayo sekwephuzile kanye namagciwane. Inani elihlukahlukene: ukumelana nomdlavuza kanye ne-golden potato nematode, ukumelana nesomiso, ukumelana nokulimala kwemishini.
I-KEMEROVCHANIN - Izinhlobonhlobo zangaphambi kwesikhathi ngokwezinjongo zethebula. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ziphuzi, ziyindilinga-oval, i-peel i-reticulate kancane, inyama iphuzi. Ukukhiqiza kufika ku-58 t/ha. Okuqukethwe isitashi 17,5%. Isisindo se-tuber esithengiswayo - 95 g. Ukuthengiswa - 19-90%. Isilinganiso sokumelana nokulimaza kwakamuva. Inani elihlukahlukene: ukumelana nomdlavuza, i-golden potato nematode, amagciwane, i-fusarium wilt kanye ne-alternaria, imelana nokulimala kwemishini, ikhwalithi ephezulu yokugcina.
UMARIINSKY - phakathi nesikhathi sokuqala, ngezinhloso zokudlela. Umbala wezimbali ubomvu-violet, i-tuber ibomvu, i-pulp ikhilimu; ukuma kwe-tuber ku-oval, amehlo angaphandle, ikhasi libushelelezi. Okuqukethwe isitashi 14-6%. Ukukhiqiza 35,0-45,0 t / ha. Isisindo se-tuber ethengiswayo singama-80 g. Ukunambitha kuhle. Ukumelana ne-golden potato nematode. Imelana kakhulu namagciwane, ukulimaza sekwephuzile, utwayi oluvamile. Inani elihlukahlukene: ukubukeka okukhangayo.
Ochwepheshe abagwetshiwe baseMoscow naseLeningrad basebenza esiteshini sezolimo sokuhlola sendawo. Basebenza ekutholeni imbewu yekhethelo, bathuthukisa izindlela zokulima zokutshala izitshalo ezimweni zaseSiberia. Ngo-1942, esifundeni saseMariinsky, kwakunezindawo zokulawula, amasimu ezithelo, amajikijolo nezivini endaweni engamahektha angama-50,5. Ngokuhlakazwa kweSiblag ekuqaleni kwawo-1960, lesi siteshi sayeka ukuba khona.
Ukuze kukhunjulwe irekhodi, isikhumbuzo samazambane samiswa eMariinsk ngo-2008. Yadalwa (eqoshwe ngokhuni) ngumdwebi wendawo u-Yuri Mikhailov. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, njalo eminyakeni emibili, idolobha ligubha uSuku Lwamazambane.