Kulesi sigaba, sihlale sabelana ngolwazi lokuthi ukukhula kwamazambane kukhula kanjani ezingxenyeni ezihlukile zaseRussia. Kepha kusukela ngo-2020, sanquma ukweqa imingcele ejwayelekile ngayo yonke indlela: kumagazini wokugcina wonyaka odlule sakhuluma ngempumelelo yezimboni zamazambane eKazakhstan, futhi ukukhishwa kokuqala kuka-2021 kwanikezelwa eBelarus.
IBelarus ibizwa ngokufanele izwe lamazambane. Ungomunye wabakhiqizi abangamashumi amabili ngobukhulu emhlabeni (uthatha indawo yeshumi nanye) futhi ungumholi ngokwenani lomkhiqizo otholwe ngomuntu ngamunye: ngokwe-IndexBox, ngo-11 kwakukhona amakhilogremu angama-2019 amazambane umuntu ngamunye. Izinga eliphakeme lokusetshenziswa nalo lirekhodwa lapha: i-591 kg yamazambane ngonyaka kumuntu ngamunye wezwe.
Noma kunjalo, eminyakeni yamuva nje, abezindaba banemininingwane eminingi futhi evame ukukhanyisa ukuthi iBelarus inciphisa indawo yokukhulisa umkhiqizo wezwe. Mayelana nokuthi ngabe kunjalo ngempela, nokuthi yiziphi izinkinga imboni ebhekene nazo namuhla nokuthi yimiphi imisebenzi ezizibekela yona, sicele ukuyitshela UVadim Makhanko, UMqondisi-Jikelele weSikhungo Sezesayensi Nezisetshenziswayo seNational Academy of Sciences yaseBelarus ngomkhiqizo wamazambane nokukhiqiza amasimu.
Izindawo ziyancipha, isivuno siyanda
Inani lezindawo ezinikezwe amazambane akhulayo eBelarus liyancipha kancane kancane. Lo mkhuba ubonakala kalula emkhakheni womphakathi (amabhizinisi amakhulu ezolimo). Isizathu esiyinhloko ukwanda kwesivuno. Abakhiqizi ngenani elifanayo ehektheleni ngalinye - ngenxa yobuchwepheshe obuhle, ikhwalithi ekhulayo yembewu - bathola cishe isivuno esikhulu esilinganayo.
Esigabeni samapulazi ezentengiselwano, isivuno esijwayelekile eRiphabhuliki sisondele ku-30 t / ha. Amapulazi amahle kakhulu akhombisa imiphumela ye-50-70 t / ha iminyaka eminingana ilandelana, lapho etshalwe ezindaweni ezanele ngokwanele futhi ngaphandle kokunisela.
Kepha kunezinye izinto ezithinta isikali sokukhiqizwa kwamazambane. Enye yazo inkinga yokuthengisa imikhiqizo eqediwe. Phambilini, inqwaba yesivuno yanikezwa iRussia Federation, kepha eminyakeni emibili edlule, ukufuneka kwamazambane aseBelarusian lapho kwehle kakhulu. Le yimininingwane eqondiwe, eqinisekiswa yinsizakalo yamasiko yaseRussia kanye negumbi lezentengiselwano leRiphabhlikhi yaseBelarus, elibhalisa zonke izivumelwano zokuhweba zangaphandle. Amapulazi amaningi azimele kwadingeka azihlele kabusha ukuze asebenze nezitshalo ezidingeka kakhulu emakethe.
Amazambane amancane nawo atshalwa ezindaweni ezizimele zamapulazi (futhi ngokusho kwezibalo, ama-80% amazambane eBelarus akhiqizwa emakhaya). Abantu bayeka ukutshala amazambane ukuze bathengise ngoba kwaba nzima ukuwathengisa. Ngaphambilini, iloli lalizofika emzaneni, futhi abathengi bathathe yonke ivolumu etholakalayo yemikhiqizo: kusuka egcekeni elilodwa - ithani, kusuka kwelinye - ezinhlanu, kusuka kwesithathu - ishumi. Manje abathengi abathengisayo bafuna ukuthola okungenani amathani angama-20 ebanga elifanayo nekhwalithi efanayo ngasikhathi sinye.
Okuseqhulwini okwasekhaya
Okungenani i-65-70%, futhi eminyakeni ethile noma i-75%, yendawo eyabelwe amapulazi amakhulu okukhiqiza amazambane ezweni kuhlala izinhlobo zokukhethwa kweBelarusian.
Okudume kakhulu: iBreeze, iSkarb, iZhuravinka, iManifesto, iRagneda. Kokuzuziwe kwangaphandle, uGala, Red Scarlett, uQueen Anne baklelishumi kwabaphezulu.
Vele, abakhiqizi baseBelarus banesithakazelo ezinhlotsheni zaseYurophu. Lokhu kungenxa yezimfuno zabathengisi noma izinkampani ezicubungula. Labo nabanye abameleli bebhizinisi lamazwe omhlaba, njengomthetho, banezinhlu zabo zezinhlobo zamazambane anconyiwe, ezivamile kuyo yonke inethiwekhi yomhlaba.
Ngokwengxenye, kuhlotshaniswa nesifiso sokuhlola amakhono abaholi bomhlaba ezimeni zabo. Masingakhohlwa ukuthi isabelo seBelarusian sevolumu ephelele yomsebenzi wokuzalisa emazweni amakhulu akhula amazambane cishe ayi-1%. Kunzima ukuncintisana ezimweni ezinjalo.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kweBelarusian nokukhiqizwa kwembewu kusizwa kakhulu ukusekelwa nguhulumeni. Ukuthengwa kwembewu esezingeni eliphakeme yabakhiqizi basekhaya, abalimi banikezwa imixhaso, futhi nenani lokukhokha belilokhu lenyuka muva nje.
Ngakho-ke, ngesizini edlule, umxhaso wawuyi-50% yezindleko. Futhi lokhu ngaphandle kokuthi yonke imihlobo yezinhlobo zamazambane zaseBelarus zezigaba ze "elite" kanye ne "super-super-elite" zithengiswa ezweni ngamanani amisiwe abekwe nguMnyango Wezolimo kanye Nokudla (njengokujwayelekile, 20 noma ngisho amashumi amathathu). Ngo-30, izindleko zamakhilogremu "e-elite", ngokwesinqumo somnyango, zazingama-kopecks angama-2020 (cishe ama-ruble angama-55 aseRussia), kepha umkhiqizi wezolimo wakhokha ama-kopecks angama-14 kuphela.
Esinye isici esibalulekile lapho ukhetha okuhlukahlukene: ikhwalithi yembewu, yize lapha bengingeke ngenze umehluko omkhulu: abatshali bezimbewu baseBelarusian naseYurophu banokuthile abasebenza kukho.
Izimpumelelo zethu ngokuvamile kunzima ukuziqhathanisa nezaseYurophu, imininingwane yokuqala yehluke kakhulu: ngo-1943, lapho iBelarus ikhululwa kumaNazi, yonke ingqalasizinda yezwe yabhujiswa ngokuphelele. Futhi eHolland ngalesi sikhathi, impilo yesayensi ayimanga, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamazambane kaDesiree zadalwa.
Kwabe sekufika ama-90s, ayengekho ngaphansi empini ekulimaleni kwawo emkhakheni wokukhiqizwa kwembewu. Silahlekelwe ngabasebenzi, imishini, izakhiwo. Kwezinye izitshalo zemifino, akukaze kwenzeke ukubuyisa ukukhiqizwa kwembewu.
Kwakunamalabhorethri ama-micropropagation angama-43 eBelarus, manje awekho ngaphezu kweshumi nambili awo. Vele, lezi yizindawo ezandisiwe zesimanje, kepha amavolumu wangaphambili wokukhiqiza awasekho lapho.
Vele, isimo siyashintsha kancane kancane. Ngaphezu kwesikhungo sethu, ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane kwenziwa ngamapulazi akhethekile, esifundeni ngasinye kuneziteshi zokuhlola, okuthi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, zibambe iqhaza ekukhiqizeni ama-minitubers ngemiqulu emikhulu ngokwanele.
I-100% yesizukulwane sokuqala esinesibindi iyatshalwa ezindlini zokugcina izithombo ezine-microclimate elawulwa kancane.
Angikwazi ukusho ukuthi namuhla konke kuhamba kahle embonini, futhi sesifinyelele ezindaweni eziphakeme ze-cosmic. Izinkinga ziyavela, kepha sizama ukuhlinzeka amazambane embewu esezingeni eliphakeme kubakhiqizi bethu, futhi sithumele amanani adingekayo ukuthi athunyelwe kwamanye amazwe.
Ukuthekelisa amazambane embewu
Imakethe esemqoka yamazambane embewu yaseBelarusian yiRussia. Isisekelo sokuthekelisa yizinhlobo ezine (ngokusho kwedatha yeminyaka emithathu eyedlule): iBreeze, iSkarb, iManifest neZhuravinka.
Ngingathanda kakhulu ukunikeza abathengi baseRussia imikhiqizo emisha esiyikhethile, kodwa ngeshwa, asikwazi ukwenza lokhu: iminyaka emine manje asidlulisanga izinhlobo zokuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene, kubamele amazwe angaphandle le nqubo ikhokhelwe futhi ibiza kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kweRussia, iBelarus ihambisa amazambane embewu eKazakhstan. Leli lizwe okwamanje lishiyile irejista, noma yiziphi izinhlobo ezingangeniswa lapho, into esemqoka ukuthi amazambane ahlangabezana nezidingo zekhwalithi. Sinikezela ngamavolumu amancane eGeorgia nase-Uzbekistan (kule minyaka emibili edlule).
Ukucubungula: kunezinhlobonhlobo, izinkinga futhi
Namuhla kunabakhiqizi besitashi abangaba yishumi eBelarus. Amafektri amabili anemishini yamaShayina, eyodwa inezinto zaseSweden, ezinye zisebenzisa olayini abadala baseSoviet. Noma kunjalo, bakhiqiza inani lesitashi izwe elidingayo. Njengomthetho, kuthengwa kuphela isitashi esilungisiwe ezimbonini ezithile (zamakhemikhali, ezemithi, njll.), Ngamavolumu amancane.
Isithiyo esikhulu esivimba ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha ukungabi bikho kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezisezingeni.
Ake ngiqaphele khona manjalo: IBelarus inokukhethwa okubanzi kwezinhlobonhlobo zokukhiqiza isitashi. Ngesikhathi seSoviet, isikhungo sokuzalela sasise-republic, ngokukhethekile ekudalweni kwezinhlobo ezinesitashi esiphezulu, sinolwazi oludingekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo zethu zinezinzuzo uma ziqhathaniswa nezakwamanye amazwe: ohlwini lwethu kunezinketho kusuka maphakathi naphambi kokusa kuze kube phakathi nendawo, kanti iningi lezinhlobonhlobo zezitashi zase-Yuropa zilibele kakhulu, okusho ukuthi azisifanele isimo sezulu sethu. Ngaphandle kokuthi izinhloko-dolobha zaseBelarus naseJalimane zitholakala cishe ngokufana okufanayo, inkathi yokukhula endaweni yaseBerlin isesezinyanga ezimbili ubude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo ezifika sekwedlule isikhathi azilungile ngokombono wezomnotho: zidinga ukwanda kwezilinganiso zikamanyolo we-nitrogen (ngenxa yesikhathi eside sokukhula), isibalo esiphezulu sezindlela zokwelashwa kokulimala sekwephuzile.
Kodwa-ke, ukuze abakhiqizi bezolimo babe nentshisekelo ekukhiqizeni izinto ezingavuthiwe zezimboni zesitashi, izinhlobo zodwa azanele, intengo amafemu akulungele ukwamukela lezi zinto zokusetshenziswa ibalulekile. Kuze kube manje, kwenzeka ukuthi cishe noma ngasiphi isikhathi (ngokwanda kwesidingo semakethe), abalimi abanezinkontileka namabhizinisi okucubungula bathengisa umkhiqizo wabo onesitashi kakhulu ezitolo noma ukuze bathumele kwamanye amazwe njengenkantini.
Sekuyiminyaka eminingana inkampani ethwala izidlo yaseBelarus i-Onega + izama ukuxazulula inkinga yokushoda kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezisezingeni eliphakeme, omunye wemisebenzi yawo ukukhiqizwa kwamachips kumazambane aluhlaza. Esigabeni sokuqalisa umkhiqizo, baqala ukusebenza nabakhiqizi bezolimo ngenkontileka: bathenga imbewu yamapulazi, basiza ukuqonda ubuchwepheshe. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthola umkhiqizo wekhwalithi oyifunayo ngokushesha, izingqinamba zokuhlangabezana nemibandela kanye nenani lokulethwa nakho kube yinkinga, kepha isitshalo asilahli ithemba lokuthola umphakeli ofanele. Ngale ndlela, esikhathini esizayo esiseduze i- "Onega +" ihlela ukuqala ukusebenzisa amazambane ezinhlobonhlobo zethu ezimbili ekukhiqizeni ama-chips: UZhuravinka noNara, womabili lawa abonakale ehle kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa.
E-Tolochin cannery, lapho isitolo sokukhiqiza amafries aseFrance (ibhizinisi lokuqala lokukhiqizwa kwamafriji aseFrance eBelarus) silungiselela ukwethulwa, bahlela ukukhulisa izinto zokusetshenziswa bebodwa. Izindawo ezizimele (amahektha ayi-1000), ulwazi olubanzi ekukhiqizeni imbewu yamazambane, abasebenzi (izazi zezolimo namahlathi, opharetha bemishini, ochwepheshe bezitoreji) bavumela ukusungula umkhiqizo. Kuhlelwe ukusebenzisa amazambane ezinhlobonhlobo zaseBelarusian uLel njengempahla eluhlaza, yize izivivinyo zayo zingakenziwa: ulayini awukaqaliswa, futhi ukufakwa, ngokwesicelo senkontileka nomenzi, kuzothathwa ukuphuma nezinhlobonhlobo zokukhethwa kweYurophu.
Izinto ezintsha ezizalisayo
Masisebenzise amagama ambalwa empumelelweni yakamuva yokuzalanisa iBelarusian. Abalimi bethu bokuqala bamazambane bathanda ukuhlukahluka okuqala kakhulu Pershatsvet... Kubandakanya, nangokomqondo ongokoqobo walokho okwashiwo: amazambane - ngemuva kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinye izinhlobo zesikhathi sokuvuthwa okufanayo, zivelela ukunambitheka kwazo okuhle kakhulu. Ishubhu elibomvu, umumo: kusuka kuzungeze kuye koyindingilizi.
Okunye ukuhlukahluka kwangaphambilini okufakwe kuhlu kulo nyaka Julia.
Ukuhlolwa kokuhlukahluka okuphakathi okuphakathi kuyaphela Mastak (nge-master master - artist). Izici zayo eziwukuzivikela ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane (X no-Y), ukumelana okuphezulu neqembu lamagciwane kaMoseic. Amabhonasi angeziwe: isivuno esikhulu, ukunambitheka okuhle, ukufaneleka kwesitoreji sesikhathi eside.
Ngokwehlukana, ngithanda ukusho ngokuhlukahluka kwaphakathi naphakathi kwesikhathi UNara... Lokhu ukuziqhenya kwabafuyi baseBelarusian, ngoba ukunambitheka kwamazambane kufana nokunambitheka okujwayelekile kithina sezinhlobonhlobo zakudala nezithandwa kakhulu zeLasunok. Okunye ukuhlanganiswa kwalolu hlobo ukuthi ukulungele kahle ukukhiqizwa kwama-chips namazambane awomile.
Isigodlo - inhlobonhlobo entsha ye-red-tuber, futhi ethakazelisa kakhulu.
Lezi yizinhlobonhlobo eziyinhloko esingathanda ukuzinikela esikhathini esizayo esiseduze zokuhlolelwa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene kwiRussian Federation.
Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu
Sizwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngamandla kakhulu. Ochwepheshe bethu barekhode ukubonakaliswa kwezifo ezintsha ezingaba ngu-30 emikhakheni yaseBelarusian, ukusabalala kwayo ngaphambili bekuvinjelwe isamba esanele samazinga okushisa amahle. Zonke lezi zifo zingokwemvelo engenisiwe futhi zingena ezweni, njengomthetho, nembewu (hhayi amazambane kuphela).
Ukufudumala kubangele ukuthuthuka okubukhali kwesikhunta sohlobo lwePythium, okudala ukubola okunamanzi. Manje ukulahlekelwa okukuyo eBelarus kukhulu kunokubangelwa ukulimala sekwephuzile. Vele, le yinkinga ebangwa yizizathu eziyinkimbinkimbi, kepha ukufudumala kungenye yezona eziyinhloko.
Sekunzima kakhulu ukubhekana nama-vectors wezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane: ama-aphid, ama-leafhoppers - konke akubekezelela ngokuphelele ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isomiso sesivame kakhulu ezweni lase-republic. Futhi ngonyaka odlule kube nesigameko sezulu. Konke kwaqala ngokufudumala okuqinile: ngo-Ephreli 26, esifundeni saseMinsk, izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi ekujuleni kokutshala lafinyelela ku- + 10..14 degrees. Amazambane atshaliwe, futhi ngokoqobo ekuqaleni kukaMeyi ukushisa kwahamba, izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi ekujuleni kokutshala lehla lafika kuma- + 2..4 degrees. Akukaze kube khona ukubanda okubandayo nokude kangako ngoMeyi esikhathini esedlule esibonakale. Izimila zabambezeleka isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga. Asikho isidakamizwa esingcono kakhulu sesifo i-rhizoctonia esigcine lesi sifo.
Izinguquko zesimo sezulu ziphoqelela abakhiqizi abakhulu bamazambane ukuba bacabange ngokwethulwa kwemishini yokunisela, okungenzeka ukuthi bahlele ngayo kokubili inani lokuqoqwa kwezitshalo nekhwalithi yalo.
Namuhla, amapulazi ambalwa kuphela angakwazi ukutshala amazambane aniselwayo: kuyabiza kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho, i-republic ezindaweni eziningi ayinothile kakhulu emithonjeni yamanzi, ngezikhathi zesomiso ngisho nemisele yokuvuselela kabusha iyoma ezweni lethu.
Ngeshwa, uhlelo lokubuyiselwa komhlaba waseSoviet lwacekelwa phansi kudala, futhi izwe lithatha kuphela izinyathelo zokuqala ukwakha elisha.