Ungabona kanjani ukuthi imbewu yezambane ayinazo izifo?
Imboni yembewu yamazambane yaseMelika inzima ukuhamba. Isifunda ngasinye noma isifunda sinemithetho yaso yesitifiketi sembewu, okudala ukungahambisani.
“Izinhlelo zezambane zembewu ziyehluka kuye ngezimakethe ezisebenza kuzo. Uma izwe linokukhiqiza okubalulekile kwezentengiso, inhloso [yaso] enkulu kungaba ukuhlinzeka ngembewu emapulazini aso entengiso,” kusho uNina Zidak, i-Montana State University, Uprofesa Ohlangene Wocwaningo, oqinisekisa izimbewu zezambane.
Awukho umkhakha wamazambane ohwebo eMontana, ngakho-ke kugxilwe kakhulu ezimbewu, kusho uZidak.
Umgomo wohlelo lokuqinisekisa izimbewu zamazambane akukhona ukuhlinzeka ngembewu engenazo izifo, kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imbewu ihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezamukelekayo zekhwalithi, kusho uKasia Duellman, uprofesa ohlanganyele kanye nochwepheshe bembewu e-University of Idaho.
"Izinhlelo zokunikeza izitifiketi zembewu zinikeza ukuqinisekiswa okuzimele, okuvela eceleni kwekhwalithi yembewu yamazambane," kusho u-Alan Vestra we-Idaho Crop Improvement Association, Imenenja Yesifunda SaseNingizimu-mpumalanga. Ama-ejensi wokunikeza izitifiketi anquma ukuthi yini enquma ikhwalithi yezambane. Lokhu akusho ukuthi indikimba yezitifiketi ayikwazi ukucela ukungabikho kwezifo ezithile.
"Ezinhlelweni eziningi, izindinganiso zibonisa ukungabekezelelani kwezinye izifo nokubekezelelana kwabanye," kusho uDuellman. "Ezinye izifo azibekezelelwa kuphela imbewu ephezulu yokuzala noma kuzo zonke izizukulwane ezihloselwe ukuqinisekiswa."
Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma iyiphi inkatho yembewu enesifo esitholakele ngeke iqinisekiswe, kusho uDuellman. Kwezinye izimo, nokho, ukubekezelelana kungase kubekwe. “Uma ukubekezelelana kweqile, izinga lembewu liyancishiswa noma liyenqatshwa,” usho kanje.
Izitifiketi nazo zingahluka ngokwesizukulwane. Imbewu ekhiqiza kakhulu (eyisisekelo) ivamise ukudayiselwa abanye abalimi abasabalalisa kuze kube unyaka ngaphambi kokuba wusizo kubalimi bezentengiselwano. Bathenga izizukulwane zakamuva zembewu yamazambane, ngokuvamile izizukulwane ezi-3 kuya phezulu. Amazinga angase abe phezulu esizukulwaneni sangaphambili, njengoba noma yiziphi izinkinga ngalezimbewu zizophindaphindeka kuphela njengoba zitshalwa ngabatshali bembewu bese kuba ngabatshali bezentengiselwano.
Uhlelo lwesitifiketi seNyuvesi yaseMontana lunegama elihle. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yokuthi abalimi balesi sifundazwe bagxile ekukhiqizeni imbewu. "Sibheke ukukhiqiza imbewu engaphinde iqinisekiswe ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane kwezinye izifundazwe," kusho uZidak.
Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlelo zesitifiketi ziyehluka kakhulu, sizwe imibono eminingi mayelana nokuthi uhlelo ngalunye kufanele luhlanganise nani.
Abamele iNyuvesi yaseMontana bahlola zonke izitshalo eziyisisekelo kanye nesizukulwane sokuqala se-mosaic virus (PVY). Baphinde benze ukuhlolwa kwangemva kokuvuna, bathumele amasampula avela kuwo wonke amasimu abalimi eHawaii ukuze akhule phakathi nesizini. Ithimba lihlola futhi lithathe iqabunga esitshalweni ngasinye bese liwabuyisela elebhu. Amaqabunga ahlolelwa amagciwane amathathu: i-PVY, igciwane lezambane X (PVX) kanye negciwane lamazambane A (PVA).
Uhlelo lwe-Wisconsin Seed Potato Certification Program alubheki kuphela isivuno kabili ehlobo nangemuva kokuvuna, kodwa futhi nezindawo zokugcina kanye nezindawo zokuthumela. NgokukaRussell Groves, uprofesa kanye nochwepheshe bezokwandisa eNyuvesi yaseWisconsin kanye nomqondisi wesikhashana woHlelo Lokuqinisekisa Imbewu Yamazambane e-Wisconsin, njengoba kwenziwa ukuthuthukiswa njalo, kubalulekile ukuthi kubuyekezwe izinqubo zokuhlola zokuxilonga ukuze kutholwe igciwane lesandulela ngculazi kanye nezinqubo zokunciphisa ukuxutshwa kwezitshalo.
Ukubhalwa phansi nakho kuyisihluthulelo. Akuvamile ukuthi imbewu yeqe imigqa yezifunda lapho idinga khona ukuthola olunye uhlelo lokunikeza izitifiketi. “Esinye isici sohlelo oluqinile lokunikeza izitifiketi ukususwa kwezitshalo ezinegciwane,” kusho uBrian A. Charlton, umqondisi obambile woMnyango Wezamazambane e-Oregon State University’s Klamath Basin Potato.
Kodwa-ke, ukuqinisekiswa kukodwa akukwazi ukuthatha indawo yobudlelwano obuqinile phakathi kwabahlinzeki bembewu nabatshali. “Ngokubona kwami, ukwethembana nokubamba iqhaza kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuhlola,” kusho u-Reagan Grabner, iphini likamongameli we-CSS Farms, umkhiqizi wembewu esifundazweni sase-Washington. "Umlimi wembewu kanye nomlimi wezohwebo kumele babe nobudlelwane obuseduze futhi bavumelane ngokuthi kusho ukuthini ukuletha umkhiqizo wezinga eliphezulu."