Umbhalo: Tatiana Karabut
Amafemu okuhlola okwenziwa izithako zomuthi wokuxubha, i-hyaluronic acid, ne-bioplastics yokusanhlamvu ayavulwa eRussia. Siyikhulisa ngokwengeziwe. Kepha manje siyithumela ngaphandle ifomu "eluhlaza" ngentengo eyodwa, futhi siyithenga ifomu elicutshunguliwe - elinamavithamini noma ama-amino acid - esivele ngentengo ephezulu. Ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo enjalo ngaphakathi ezweni kuzokwenza ukuthi kususwe ukuncika kokungenisa ezweni, kudale izinkulungwane zemisebenzi, kutholakale imali ephindwe kaningi ngokuthumela ngaphandle futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kwehlise amanani entengo emikhiqizo yabathengi.
Uma amathani ayizigidi ezingama-50 okusanhlamvu athunyelwa ngaphandle "kokuluhlaza", kodwa ngendlela ecutshunguliwe, umnikelo kwi-GDP ungakhuphuka ngama-ruble ayi-100-800 billion, kuya ngemikhiqizo esetshenzisiwe, ulinganisela uMongameli we-Russian Biofuel Association u-Alexei Ablaev.
Esinye salezi zitshalo zokucutshungulwa okujulile okusanhlamvu savulwa ehlobo lika-2019 esifundeni saseKaluga. I-Rosva Biotechnological Complex icubungula ukolweni ube ama-syrups e-glucose-fructose, i-crystalline glucose, isitashi, izingxube ze-feed, i-gluten ne-sorbitol, okubalulekile ekukhiqizeni umuthi wokuxubha kanye nensini yokuhlafuna. Elinye ibhizinisi, i-Oka-Biotech, kuze kube manje selikhiqize inqwaba yokulinga kuphela ye-hyaluronic acid okusanhlamvu futhi manje ihlose ukwakha umkhiqizo omkhulu wezimboni. Manje i-sorbitol ne-hyaluronic acid ihlinzekwa ngokuphelele eRussia evela phesheya. Umthamo womhlaba wonke wemakethe ye-hyaluronic acid, ngokusho kokulinganisela okuhlukahlukene, ungamathani angamakhulu amaningana ngonyaka. Ngokuya ngeqembu iMARS, ukukhiqizwa komhlaba kwe-sorbitol kungaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi ezi-2,5. Imakethe yaseRussia sorbitol ingamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-400 (noma ama-dollar ayizigidi ezingama-35), ulinganisela umlingani wenkampani ye-NEO Center uVladimir Shaforostov.
Kunamaphrojekthi aqondakala kakhudlwana okusetshenzisw a okujulile okusanhlamvu, asebenze iminyaka eminingana, kepha asesikhululile ngokwengxenye noma ngokuphelele ekuncikeni kwethu ekungenisweni kwemikhiqizo embalwa ebalulekile. Isibonelo, isitshalo se-Gulkevichsky starch (iKrasnodar Territory) sikhiqiza i-maltodextrin (molasses). Umthamo wemakethe yaseRussia ye-maltodextrin manje usuyizigidi ezingama- $ 34-35, uShaforostov ulinganisela.
IBelgorod Premix Plant N1 ikhiqiza i-amino acid lysine, ebaluleke kakhulu ekufuyeni izilwane. Phambilini, yayingeniswe ngokuphelele ivela eChina naseYurophu. Ngokuncipha kwesilinganiso sokushintshaniswa kwe-ruble, sekuyintokozo ebizayo ukuhambisa le-amino acid evela phesheya. Ngokusho kukaFeedinfo, amanani entengo e-lysine ekuqaleni konyaka ayephezulu kakhulu eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili. Ukukhiqizwa kweRussia ngo-2020 kulinganiselwa kumathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-100-110 (noma cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-170), ngenkathi ukungenisa kwamanye amazwe kufinyelela kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-50 ngonyaka owedlule, kusho uVladimir Shaforostov.
Kepha kuze kube manje sihlala sincike ekungenisweni kwezakhi eziningi ezibalulekile, nazo ezenziwe ngokhula. Manje ama-90% wezithasiselo zokuphakelayo namavithamini ayi-100% angenisiwe ukufuya izilwane. I-Russia isencike ku-100% kuncike ekuhlinzekweni kwe-citric acid (cishe amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-60), engeza uVladimir Shaforostov.
Amaphrojekthi amaningi wokucubungula okusanhlamvu ajulile esiteji sokuklama noma simisiwe. Kuphakathi kokuthi akukho makethe noma izimali. Asinaso isitshalo esisodwa sokukhiqiza i-biofuel (futhi, okusanhlamvu). ERussia, ngeke afohle. INtshonalanga ikhiqiza i-biofuel yayo futhi inemisebenzi yokungenisa. Lapho, isibopho sokungeza u-5-10% we-biofuel safakwa emthethweni kuphela ngemuva kokunxenxa isikhathi eside ngamasekela ezolimo, kusho u-Ablaev. “Kumele senze i-biofuel hhayi ngoba sinophethiloli omncane, kodwa ngoba sinenhlamvu eningi. Isivuno sikhula njalo, futhi asinakudla okuningi ngaphakathi ezweni. Idinga ukuphinda isetshenziswe kabusha. Baningi abantu abazohlomula ngokukhiqizwa nokuthengiswa kwama-biofuel, ikakhulukazi kwezolimo, kunemali engenayo evela ekukhiqizeni uphethiloli ojwayelekile, ”kuchaza u-Ablaev. Ngokwezibalo zakhe, uma eRussia, njengaseYurophu, engeza u-5% we-biofuel kuphethiloli, lokhu kuzoletha imisebenzi eyizinkulungwane ezi-4 yobuchwepheshe obuqondile, eminye imisebenzi eyizinkulungwane ezingama-20 engaqondile, ama-ruble ayi-12,54 ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane zemali engenayo. Imindeni izothola imali eyengeziwe ngemali engama-ruble angama-46,38 billion, umnikelo ku-GDP uzoba ama-ruble angama-66,47 billion.
Kuze kube manje, ama-bioplastics avela okusanhlamvu awakhiqizwa eRussia, yize ezinye izinkampani ezinkulu zepetrochemical zenze le misebenzi. Ngokombono wezomnotho, ayingozi - kudingeka izimali ezinkulu. Ehlobo lika-2019, ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo iRustark kwaqala eLipetsk SEZ. Ukutshalwa kwemali okuphelele kulinganiselwa ku-RUB 63 billion. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ekuqaleni izokhiqiza isitashi esishintshiwe, futhi esigabeni esilandelayo - i-bioplastics. Yiqiniso, ayikho imakethe yabo eRussia okwamanje. Amazwe amaningi manje ayakwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki angonakalisi, kusho uNina Adamova, umhlaziyi omkhulu eGazprombank's Center for Economic Forecasting. EYurophu, kwethulwa intela yesikhutha - izokhokhwa kuzo zonke izimpahla ezikhiqiza i-CO2. Ngokushesha noma kamuva, iRussia izofika okufanayo, ochwepheshe baqinisekile. Ama-bioplastics ethu azodingeka, kepha ngemuva kwesikhashana.
Ukuncika okuqinile kwamanani asekhaya ezintweni zomhlaba nakho kukhuluma ngokuqhutshwa kokusanhlamvu. Le nkinga ibonakale kakhulu kwisizini edlule. Isivuno sokusanhlamvu eRussia ngo-2020 saba ngamathani ayizigidi eziyi-133,5 okusanhlamvu, okungamathani ayizigidi ezingama-49 athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. NgoDisemba nyakenye, amanani entengo okusanhlamvu emhlabeni afinyelele ekuphakameni kweminyaka eminingi. Futhi lokhu kwabonakala ngamanani aseRussia.
Iziphathimandla zombuso sekunesikhathi eside zikhuluma ngesidingo sokucubungulwa okujulile kwemikhiqizo yezolimo hhayi okusanhlamvu kuphela. UMongameli waseRussia uVladimir Putin wakhuluma ngalokhu emuva ngo-2017. Kepha kubonakala sengathi ngokwethulwa kwemisebenzi yokuthekelisa (kusuka ngoJuni 2 kukakolweni, kuzohlala njalo futhi kuzobalwa kusuka entengo yemakethe), ibhizinisi linikezwe isinali elicacile lokuthi lingahlehlisi lolu daba futhi. Emhlanganweni wokugcina noNgqongqoshe Wezolimo uDmitry Patrushev, uVladimir Putin ukuqinisekisile lokhu kuphela. "Sidinga ukuxhasa ukuthunyelwa kwenani eliphezulu okuthe xaxa," esho.
Ngaphezu kwemikhiqizo yendabuko, amabhizinisi aseRussia asevele andisa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo esetshenzwe ngokujulile - isitashi esiguquliwe, ama-protein protein agxila, ama-amino acid. Abathumeli bezinhlamvu base bevele bacabangisise ngokutshala imali ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo eyengezwe ngenani eliphezulu, kusho u-Eduard Zernin, onguSihlalo weBhodi leNyunyana yabathengisi bezinhlamvu. Kepha akudingeki ukuthi kube yi-bioplastics noma ama-amino acid. Kumele siqale ngemikhiqizo elula - ufulawa ofanayo ne-pasta. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, namuhla kunezicelo zofulawa waseRussia ngisho nakubakhiqizi bawo abakhulu - ngokwesibonelo, iTurkey. Futhi nge-pasta, imakethe engenakulinganiswa amazwe aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, eqala ngeChina.
Hhayi okusanhlamvu kuphela
Imikhiqizo enenani eliphakeme elengeziwe ifaka phakathi imikhiqizo yenani eliphakathi nendawo (kufaka phakathi imikhiqizo yenyama, ushukela, ufulawa, amajusi) nemikhiqizo enenani eliphakeme (ushokoledi ne-confectionery, imikhiqizo ekheniwe, ukudla kwezilwane, ushizi, amasoseji, iwayini, njll.) Njll.) , utshele uMnyango Wezolimo. Ekupheleni kuka-2020, ukuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo yezimboni zokudla nokucubungula kukhuphuke ngo-13% kuya ku- $ 4,5 billion uma kuqhathaniswa no-2019.
Ikakhulukazi, umnyango ubheka ama-confectionery kanye nemikhiqizo yenyama njengenye yezindawo ezethembisayo kakhulu ngokwanda kokuphakelwa kwezimakethe zangaphandle. Ngo-2020, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kufinyelela ku- $ 1,4 billion (57% ngaphezu kuka-2015). Ngo-2024, izimpahla kulindeleke ukuthi zikhuphuke ziye ku- $ 2 billion. Ukuthunyelwa kwenyama nemikhiqizo yenyama eqediwe ngonyaka odlule kukhuphuke ngo-43% kwafinyelela ku- $ 1 billion. Ngokwesibikezelo soMnyango wezoLimo, ngo-2024 kuzoba ngaphezu kuka- $ 1,5 billion. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulethwa kwamafutha namafutha, imikhiqizo yobisi nenhlanzi kuthuthuka ngenkuthalo, futhi ukuthekelisa iwayini laseRussia kuyakhula.
Umbuso uyakweseka ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo enjalo ngemali mboleko evunyelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-2021, uMnyango wezoLimo uzokwethula izinyathelo ezintsha zokuxhasa ukukhiqizwa komkhiqizo wezolimo onenani eliphakeme elengeziwe: isinxephezelo sengxenye yezindleko zokwakha nokwenza amabhizinisi okucubungula ezolimo abe sesimanje, kanye nohlelo olukhethekile lokuqasha ukuthenga kwemishini yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.