Maria U-Erokhova, umcwaningi omncane, umnyango wezifo zamazambane nezitshalo zemifino, FGBNU VNII phytopathology
UMaria Kuznetsova, iNhloko Umnyango, uMnyango Wezambatho Nezifo Zemifino, FGBNU VNII Phytopathologistsи
Isimo emhlabeni jikelele nokusetshenziswa kokuhlanza ukucindezela, ikakhulukazi nge-chlorprofam, siyashintsha kancane kancane. Emazweni e-EU, kulandela ukushicilelwa kombiko we-European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) nge-chlorprofam (CIPC), ukusetshenziswa kwale nto kwakwenqatshelwe.
Mayelana nalokhu, kwavela umbuzo wokuvuselela izakhiwo zokugcina amazambane kwabanye abacindezeli bokuhluma. Isibonelo: e-UK, i-chlorprofam, ngokusho kwe-AHDB (i-Agricultural and Horticultural Development Board), yasetshenziswa ngaphezu kwe-85% yazo zonke izindawo zokugcina amazambane. Ukuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kwayo sekuqalile ukusebenza 8 January 2020 iminyaka, abanikazi bezindawo zokugcina izinto babhekene nesidingo sokuhlanza isitoreji samazambane emikhondweni yale nto, futhi lokhu akuwona umsebenzi olula.
Ucwaningo oluhlelwe yi-AHDB luqinisekisile ukuthi ukhonkolo ungangena ku-CIPC: amanani asalayo e-chlorprofam kanye ne-3-chloaniline (3-CA) yayo yemetabolite ilungiswe kuwo wonke amakamelo lapho kusetshenziswa khona lesi sicindezeli sokuhluma, kungakhathalekile ukuthi into ethile isetshenzisiwe inani lezokwelapha.
UMkhandlu Wezokuthuthukiswa Kwezolimo kanye Nokulima Ukulima usungule imigomo esemqoka abanikazi besitoreji okufanele baqondiswe yiyo lapho behlanza ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi bokusabalalisa kabusha i-chlorprofam endaweni yokugcina amazambane, kanye nokunciphisa inani le-phytopathogen inoculum :
- Zonke izitoko lapho kwakusetshenziswa khona i-chlorprofam kufanele zihlanzwe ngesikhathi esifanele, okungcono ngokushesha ngemuva kokuba indawo isuswe izigaxa zamazambane zesivuno sonyaka odlule.
- Isitoreji kufanele sihlanzwe ngokuhambisana nezinyathelo zokuphepha ezidingekayo: udinga ukusebenzisa izinto zokuzivikela futhi uqaphele lapho wenza umsebenzi ezindaweni eziphakeme.
- Kuyadingeka ukugcina ukubhaliswa okubhaliwe kwayo yonke imisebenzi yokuhlanza eyenziwayo, kuhambisana nezithombe (izithombe kufanele zibonise ukuthi kuhlanzwe kanjani, kanjani nokuthi kwahlanzwa nini). Umthengi wamazambane angacela imibhalo eqinisekisa imisebenzi yokuhlanza.
- Izindlela zokuhlanza ezomile kufanele zikhethwe. Kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa amanzi kuphela ezimweni lapho ukuhlanza okomile kungenzeki noma kunganele. Ngokuhlanza okumanzi, kubalulekile ukususa amanzi amaningi, ukugwema ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.
- Imisebenzi yokuhlanza kufanele yenziwe ngokucophelela, igweme ukwabiwa kabusha kwe-chlorprofam. Izinto ezixegayo kufanele zihlanzwe ngokushesha okukhulu, kukhethwe imishini yokuhlanza. Ukusetshenziswa kwemishanelo nemishanelo kuholela ekusakazekeni kothuli, okufaka isandla ekwabiweni kabusha kwemikhondo ye-chlorprofam phezu kwendawo.
- Imisebenzi yokugcina kufanele yenziwe kusuka phezulu kuye phansi (isb. Kusuka ophahleni kuye phansi).
- IChlorprofam iyinhlanganisela ephakathi nendawo eshintshashintshayo, ngakho-ke uma isitolo singasetshenziselwa ukugcina amazambane, kuyadingeka ukuthi ushiye iminyango kanye namachopho evulekile ukuze kungenise igumbi. Amapayipi wokungenisa umoya kufanele angene kahle umoya ngokungenisa umoya noma umoya omncane wemvelo.
- Lapho kungenzeka khona, udoti owomile kufanele ususwe kuqala, bese izinto ezixegayo kufanele zisuswe emoyeni omusha ukuvumela ilanga (i-UV), imvula, umoya kanye nezinga lokushisa ukususa i-chlorprofam.
- Ngesikhathi sokuhlanza, ukunakwa okukhethekile kufanele kukhokhwe ezindaweni ezinokungcola okuphezulu kwe-chlorprofam.
Futhi, ongoti be-European Potato Value Chain basungule "Imihlahlandlela yokuqaliswa kwezinyathelo zokuhlanzwa kwendawo yokugcina ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcoliswa kwayo ne-chlorprofam" ngendlela ye-infographics (I-Fig. 1).
Kepha ukuhlanza indawo namanje akuyona inkinga enkulu embonini. Ukukhethwa kokushintshwa kwe-chlorprofam kunzima kakhulu.
Ngokusho kwe-AHDB, okwamanje e-UK kuvunyelwe ukufaka isicelo njengokucindezela ukuhluma kwe-maleic acid hydrazide, uwoyela we-peppermint ne-ethylene.
Khumbula ukuthi i-maleic acid hydrazide ibisetshenziswa njenge-suppressant e-UK kusukela lapho Iminyaka engu-1985. I-Он isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwezitshalo zemifino phakathi nesikhathi sokukhula kwazo okusebenzayo emasontweni amahlanu ngaphambi kokuncipha noma ngaphambi kokufa kwemvelo eziqongweni. I-Maleic acid hydrazide ivimbela ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli. Kumunca amaqabunga bese kusatshalaliswa kwizilimo eziyizigaxa. Kulokhu, inani eliphakeme lezinto ezisalayo ze-maleic acid hydrazide kumkhiqizo wokugcina akufanele lidlule 50 mg / kg.
Ukusebenza kokusetshenziswa kwe-maleic acid hydrazide kuncike kakhulu ekwelashweni kwesikhathi: ukusetshenziswa kusenesikhathi kunganciphisa umthamo wesitshalo, sekwephuze kakhulu - kuzonciphisa ukusebenza kohlelo lokucindezela. Ucwaningo lukhombisile lokho i-maleic acid hydrazide esetshenziselwa kangcono ukugcina amazambane okwesikhashana: ingozi yokuhluma kuleli cala iphansi. Ochwepheshe baqaphela ukuthi ukwelashwa nge-maleic acid hydrazide, ngenkathi kugcinwa izinga lokushisa kusitoreji ku-7-10 ° C, kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuvimba ukuhluma kwamazambane ahloselwe ukucubungula izinyanga ezi-2-4.
I-Ethylene isetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ekugcineni amazambane asetafuleni (emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ngaphansi kuka-5 ° C). Kepha ukugcina ikhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa zokucubungula, le suppressant isetshenziswa kaningi: ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi kunjalo kungadala ukushintsha kombala kwenyama yamazambane amazambane lapho uthosa.
Ukuze kunciphise ukuhluma kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinhlobonhlobo ezizocubungulwa, ochwepheshe baseBrithani bancoma ukuhlanganisa izindlela zokwelapha ne-maleic acid hydrazide nemithi yokwelapha uwoyela we-peppermint ne-ethylene. Yize ukufunwa kobuchwepheshe obusebenza kahle kakhulu bokwenza ukwelashwa okuhlanganisiwe nama-suppressants kusaqhubeka.
UMkhandlu Wezokuthuthukiswa Kwezolimo kanye Nokulima usebenza kakhulu ekufinyeleleni ekusizeni abalimi ukuthi bathole izixinzeleli zokuhluma esikhundleni se-chlorprofam.
Ikakhulu, kwethulwe uchungechunge lwama-webinars we-thematic Storage Webinars, lapho ochwepheshe bekhuluma ngezici zokunye ukucindezela kokuhluma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-UK Storage Network inikeza izeluleko zamahhala zabalimi bamazambane abakhokha ubulungu be-AHDB ukwenza isu lokugcina amazambane elingenayo i-chlorprofam.
ERussia, ukusetshenziswa kwe-chlorprofam akukakavalwa, kepha isimo singashintsha, lapho-ke abalimi baseRussia bazobhekana nobunzima obukhulu kakhulu kunaseBrithani. Ngokwe- "Directory of pesticides and agrochemicalsvunyiwe ukuthi isetshenziswe eRussia Federation" yango-2020, i-maleic acid hydrazide ivunyelwe ukusetshenziswa ezitolo zamazambane nemifino, kepha uhla lwemithi yasekhaya lincane kakhulu kunase-UK.
Ngokuvamile, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezicindezeli endaweni yokugcina amazambane kungancishiswa ngokulandela imigomo eyaziwayo yohlelo oluhlanganisiwe lokukhula kwamazambane nokugcina.