“Njengoba iYurophu inciphisa ukuncika kwayo emithini yezolimo eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo nangaphezulu, umbuzo obucayi ngothi: Yini ezothatha isikhundla sayo? I-Agricultural biotechnology inganikeza impendulo, ”kubhala uFarhan Mitha esihlokweni esikhishwe yiLabiotech Insider.
iwebhusayithi Izindaba Zamazambane Namuhla inikeza izingcaphuno ezivela kule ncwadi. Umbhalo ogcwele ungafundwa kuwebhusayithi. I-Labiotech.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-agrochemicals - ukubulala izinambuzane, umanyolo kanye nezinto ezikhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo - bekubalulekile ebuntwini kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule. Bavumele ukukhulisa ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo ngokuya ngezidingo zabantu (inani labo likhula kakhulu) futhi basindisa izigidigidi zabantu endlaleni. Noma kunjalo, ithonya lama-agrochemicals emvelweni selibonakala kakhulu ukuba linganakwa, futhi amakhemikhali aya ngokuya ebonakala njengamathuluzi ekhulu lokugcina angafanele kahle ukuxazulula izinkinga zekhulu lama-21.
Ikwazi lokhu, i-EU isanda kubeka inhloso ethile yokunciphisa kakhulu inani lamakhemikhali asetshenziswa emapulazini aseYurophu ngo-2030. Sikhuluma ngokuncishiswa okungu-50% ekusetshenzisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezinobungozi kanye nokuncipha kwama-20% ekusebenziseni umanyolo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusobala ukuthi ukunyakaza kwalezi zinhloso akufanele kuhambisane nokwehla okukhulu kokukhiqiza. Indlela yokuphuma kulesisimo kungaba ukuphendukela kubuchwepheshe bezolimo obusha.
Ngokomlando, ukukhuthaza i-biotechnology yezolimo e-EU akuhambanga kahle njalo. IKhomishini yaseYurophu ivimbele ukwethulwa kwezilimo eziguqulwe ngofuzo, okudumaze izinkampani eziningi zokucwaninga ezwenikazi lonke ezibhekele izindlela zobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo njengethuluzi elibalulekile ekwakheni uhlelo lwezolimo olukhiqizayo, oluthembekile futhi oluqhubekayo.
Kodwa-ke, i-biotechnology yezolimo ayisiwona nje ukudala izilimo ze-GM: ososayensi bayisebenzisa ukudala izisombululo eziningi zemvelo ezifaka isandla ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokulima (ngaphandle kokuguqulwa kwezakhi zezitshalo uqobo).
Ama-Pheromones okulawulwa kwezinambuzane
Ama-insecticides amakhemikhali angamathuluzi anzima aklanyelwe ukulawula izinambuzane, "kungubuchwepheshe obunzima", obusetshenziselwa ukubulala inqwaba. Kodwa le ndlela “yomhlaba ohangukile”, esetshenziswe amashumishumi eminyaka, ibangela izinkinga ezinkulu zemvelo.
IBioPhero, inyuvesi yezobuchwepheshe yaseDenmark, iphayone ukusetshenziswa kwama-pheromones ezinambuzane njengenye indlela eqhubekayo yokulwa nama-insecticides amakhemikhali. Imikhiqizo yenkampani ihloselwe ngqo ukulwa nebhu lesitshalo, eziningi zazo eziyizilokazane eziyingozi zezilimo.
Ukuphazanyiswa kwePheromone kudida abesilisa ngokubopha indawo yangempela yowesifazane ohlelweni lwezimpawu zokuloba. Ngenxa yalokhu, amaqanda ambalwa abekwa, futhi isibalo sezibungu ezingalimaza isivuno sigcinwa endaweni ephansi, futhi ilawuleka kakhulu.
IBioPhero isisungule inqubo yokucwilisa - iqhathaniswa nenqubo yokukhiqiza ubhiya - lapho imvubelo yobunjiniyela idala ama-pheromones enundu. Lokhu kuvumela ukwenziwa kwama-pheromones esikalini sezimboni, okwenza le ndlela yokuvikela isivuno esimeme kwezomnotho ibe nokwenzeka.
Amaphrotheni biocontrol
Njengoba wazi, izilokazane zezitshalo nama-microorganisms we-pathogenic eza zonke izinhlobo nosayizi, futhi angabameleli bemibuso ehlukene: izilwane (izinambuzane), isikhunta, amagciwane. Lokhu kudala inselelo enkulu ekwakhiweni kwezindlela ze-biocontrol eziqondiswe kakhulu futhi ezivumelanayo nezidalwa eziningi ezahlukene.
I-Biotalys (eyayikade ingu-Agrosavfe), isigaba seFlemish Institute of Biotechnology, iphakamisa ukuthi ikhambi lale nkinga likhona kwelinye lama-biomolecule emvelo asendaweni yonke: amaprotheni.
Inkampani yaseBelgian biotechnology, eyasungulwa ngonyaka ka-2013, isungula “ama-agrobels” - amaprotheni amancane enzelwe ukulwa nezinambuzane ezithile namagciwane. Umthombo wokuphefumlelwa kokudalwa kwe- "agrobel" kwakungamaprotheni e-llama, ahlukaniswa yizimfanelo zemvelo eziphawulekayo.
Inkampani ingasheshe ukhethe amaprotheni asebenzayo asebenza ngokuqinile emelana nohlobo oluthile lwesilokazane noma i-pathogen, ikhiqize ngenani elanele ngokusebenzisa i-microbial Fermentation bese iguqula ibe yimikhiqizo evikela isitshalo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamagciwane enhlabathi
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, umkhakha wokucwaninga ngama-microbiome ukhule kakhulu, wenza lula inqubekela phambili yocwaningo ngemiphumela yemiphakathi yama-microbial aphilayo kulokho okusingathiwe. Lesi sihloko bekubuye kugxilwe ngaso ocwaningweni lwezolimo, ngoba izitshalo nazo zinama-microbiomes.
Mhlawumbe inkampani eyaziwa kakhulu nge-agrobiotechnical esebenza ukudala inethiwekhi yobudlelwano be-typiotic phakathi kwezitshalo namagciwane yiPivot Bio eseCalifornia. Umkhiqizo wefulegi wale nkampani wethula ama-bacterium aguqulwe izakhi zofuzo angena emhlabathini, ongabamba i-nitrogen emoyeni futhi uyihambise ngqo ezitshalweni. Umkhiqizo wehlisa noma uhlehle esikhundleni sokudalwa kukamanyolo wokwenza i-nitrogen, ukusetshenziswa kwayo i-EU efuna ukunciphisa ngo-20%.
Izinkampani eziningana zase-Europe ezikhiqiza i-biotech (kufaka phakathi i-Xtrem Biotech eSpain kanye ne-ApheaBio yaseBelgium) nazo zihlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi zisebenzise ama-microbes esikhundleni semithi ye-agrochemicals. Kodwa-ke, ukufakwa ngempumelelo kwamagciwane azuzisayo enhlabathini ezimweni zensimu yangempela kufakazele ukuthi kuyinselele, njengoba izici zemvelo zivame ukusebenza nokusebenza kwazo kahle.
Ukunqoba lokhu kukhawulelwa, inkampani yaseFrance iKapsera isungule ama-microcaps amancane amancanyana avela ku-alginate (impahla ethathwe ku-algae) engathuthukisa ukulethwa kanye nokusebenza kwama-bio-fertilizer kanye ne-biopesticides.
Ekuphethweni
Inselelo ebhekene nabalimi baseYurophu ngokubheka izinhloso ezintsha ze-EU kunzima kakhulu: ukuqhubeka nokukhulisa umkhiqizo ngenkathi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali. Kungabonakala kungatholakali, kepha uluhlu oluningi lwezixazululo zebhayoloji lufakazela ukuthi lokhu akunjalo. Futhi uma sinikezwe iqiniso lokuthi imboni yezomnotho ye-EU yezokwelapha ngo-2019 ithole ama-euro ayizigidi ezingama-245 ngentuthuko (ama-21% ngaphezulu kwalawo ngo-2018), inguquko entsha yezolimo kungenzeka isondele kakhulu kunendlela esicabanga ngayo.